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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pre Oral Stage |
hunger and thirst see food smell and knowledge of food salivation place food centrally in mouth |
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oral preparatory stage |
mastication of food lateral/vertical movements of tongue position food between teeth food mixed with saliva to form bolus breathing continues under voluntary control stage ends with formation of bolus |
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oral stage |
tongue forms central trough which acts as chute for bolus tongue begins posterior movement of bolus in wavelike contractions soft palate elevates in preparation for next stage under voluntary control |
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pharyngeal stage |
swallow triggered when bolus passes faucial arches soft palate/velum raises fully sealing nasal cavity base of tongue retracts bolus moves down pharynx via pharyngeal constriction on wavelike motion airway protected cricopharyngeal sphincter opens breathing stops |
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three ways airway is protected in the pharyngeal stage |
Closure of: true vocal chords false vocal chords and arytenoids epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds |
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oesophageal stage |
bolus enters oesophagus larynx lowers and airway opens so breathing resumed stage stops when bolus reaches stomach via lower oesophageal sphincter |
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how long does the normal swallow take in an average adult? |
8-13 seconds |
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impaired preoral stage |
reduced appetite: - hunger/smell impaired refusing to eat or drink: - reduced cognition - fear or feeling unsafe |
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impaired oral preparatory stage |
bolus not formed/dry mouth material falls out of mouth: - reduced lip closure - tongue thrust cant chew efficiently/poorly formed bolus: - weak jaw movement - poor dentition coughing: - premature spillage into larynx residue in cheeks: - reduction in cheek tension |
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impaired oral phase |
bolus remains in oral cavity: - tongue weakness - bolus not central so can't be propelled backwards coughing: - reduced oral control of bolus - premature spillage into larynx |
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impaired pharyngeal stage |
wet voice: - pooling in sinus through reduced sensation multiple swallows per bolus: - reduced pharyngeal wall contraction - residue left on pharyngeal walls bolus comes down nose: - reduced velopharyngeal closure absent swallow: - neurosensory deficit - absent motor plan for swallow coughing: - reduced laryngeal movement |
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impaired oesophageal stage |
food sticking: - narrowed area of oesophagus food regurgitation: - failure of LOS to remain closed, food re-enters oesophagus from stomach recurrent chest infection: - material flows from oesophagus into trachea via a fistula |
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adult causes of dysphagia |
respiratory psychological structural neurological |
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childhood causes of dysphagia |
structural neurological respiratory eating and drinking difficulties movement problems |
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other disorders associated with impaired swallow |
down syndrome cerebral palsy autism dementia epilepsy mental illness |
