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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord. responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating. higher functions: memory, intelligence, learning, and emotion
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Peripheral nervous system
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peripheral nerves, afferent and efferent divisions.
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Afferent division
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sends sensory information to the CNS via receptors.
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Receptors
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special sensory receptors: smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing
somatic sensory receptors: monitor skeletal muscles, joints, skin surface, position sense and touch, pressure, pain, temperature sensations visceral sensory receptors: monitor internal organs, including cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
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Efferent division
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motor commands from CNS to effectors. somatic nervous system that communicates to the skeletal muscle, and
autonomic nervous system |
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Autonomic nervous system
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parasympathetic division and sympathetic division: communicate to smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
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Regions of the spinal cord
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
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posterior median sulcus
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shallow groove in spinal cord
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anterior median fissure
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wide crease in spinal cord
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What is a tract?
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a bundle of CNS axons that share a commen origin and destination
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Tract organization
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each region of the spinal cord contains tracts involved with that region and the region below it
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Enlargements of the spinal cord
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areas of increased gray matter to provide innervation for the limbs, cervical for pectoral girdle and upper limbs, and lumbar for the pelvis and lower limbs
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Conus medullaris
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Conical tip of the spinal cord located at or inferior to L1
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Filum terminale
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strand of fibrous tissue extending from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris from S1 to S2, provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament
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Dorsal root ganglion
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contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Dorsal root
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contains axons of the sensory neurons in the DRG
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Ventral root
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anterior to the DR, contains axons of both somatic and visceral motor neurons that control peripheral effectors
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Spinal nerve
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formed from sensory and motor fibers distal to each DRG
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Where do dorsal and ventral roots exit the vertebral canal?
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between adjacent vertebrae at the intervertebral foramen
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What does it mean to say that spinal nerves are mixed nerves?
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they contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers
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Cauda equina
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inferior extension of the dorsal and ventral roots and the filum terminale in the vertebral canal resulting from the vertebral column continuing to grow after the spinal cord stops at age 4
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Which cells are responsible for myelination?
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CNS-oligodendrocytes
PNS-schwann cells |
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What are neuroglia?
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smaller, more numerous cells that retain the ability to divide. they surround and support the neurons
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myelin
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vital component of the CNS and PNS, fatty white substance that enhances speed and integrity of nerve conduction down length of axon
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myelin sheath
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insulator that encases axons of neurons, formed by the plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes or schwann cells. multiple concentric layers surround the axon
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myelin specific proteins
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aide the process of forming myelin sheaths
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nodes of ranvier
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small unmyelinated areas located between segments
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saltatory conduction
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route of fast transmission of neural impulses
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Soma
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cell body of a neuron
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perikaryon
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cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of a neuron
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neurofilaments
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(neurotubules)cytoskeletal elements of perikaryon
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neurofibrils
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bundles of neurofilaments that extend into the dendrites and axons
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dendrites
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structures that branch off the soma and receive sensory information
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axon
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(nerve fiber) elongated extension of a neuron that conducts an action potential away from the soma and toward the synaptic terminals
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axon hillock
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specialized region of the axon that connects the initial segment of the axon to the soma
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axoplasm
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cytoplasm of the axon
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synaptic terminals
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terminal ends of neurons which communicate with other cells
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synapse
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specialized site where a neuron communicates with another cell
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neuromuscular junction
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synapse where a neuron contacts a skeletal muscle
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neurotransmitter
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chemical released by one neuron to affect the transmembrane potential of another
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Sensory neurons
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(afferent) unipolar neurons with cell bodies located outside the CNS in the peripheral sensory ganglia
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axons of sensory neurons
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aka afferent fibers, extend from a sensory receptor to the spinal cord or brain
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types of receptors
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exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors
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exteroceptors
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somatic. provide info about external environment in the form of touch, temperature, and pressure and more complex senses of sight, smell, and hearing
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proprioceptors
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somatic. monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
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interoceptors
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visceral. monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems, provide sensations of deep pressure, pain, taste
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motor neurons
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efferent. multipolar neurons with cell bodies located inside CNS. stimulate or modify activity of a peripheral tissue, organ or organ system
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motor axons
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aka efferent fibers, travel away from CNS
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types of motor neurons
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somatic-innervate skeletal muscle
visceral-innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal preganglionic fibers-axons extending from the CNS to a ganglion postganglionic fibers-axons connecting ganglion cells with peripheral effectors |
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interneurons
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locate within the brain and spinal cord; usually between a sensory and motor neuron. responsible for analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs
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preganglionic fibers
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axons extend from the CNS to a ganglion
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postganglionic fibers
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axons connecting ganglion cells with peripheral effectors
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neuroglia
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provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and act as phagocytes
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what is the difference between neuroglia and neurons?
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1. neuroglia more numerous (5x)
2. neuroglia smaller 3. they retain the ability to divide |
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neuroglia of CNS
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astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
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neuroglia of PNS
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satellite cells, schwann cells
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astrocytes
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largest and most numerous glial. secrete chemicals that maintain blood brain barrier, structural support for CNS, repair damaged neural tissue, regulate ion and nutrient conc., absorb neurotransmitters released at active synaptic terminals
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oligodendrocytes
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resemble astrocytes but smaller cell bodies and fewer processes. provide myelination.
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myelination
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improves the functional performance of neurons by wrapping axons in myelin which speeds conduction of action potentials or nerve impulses
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internodes
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large myelinated areas of an axon
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nodes of ranvier
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small gaps of unmyelination
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white matter vs. gray matter
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white is dominated by myelinated axons, gray by unmyelinated axons
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microglia
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smallest glial cells. phagocytic, engulf cell debris, wastes, and pathogens.
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ependymal cells
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atypical epithelial cells that line chambers and passageways filled with CSF. assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF
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ganglia
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clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
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nerves
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bundles of neuron axons in the PNS, wrapped in connective tissue
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satellite cells
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surround neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia. regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products between neuron cell body and extracellular fluid
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schwann cells
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cover all peripheral axons, myelinated or unmyelinated
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action potential
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electrical impulse that develops after the membrane is stimulated to a level known as threshold, a point at which membrane is permeable to sodium and potassium ions
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nerve impulse
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action potential traveling along axons in the nervous system
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what determines the rate of impulse conduction?
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myelin sheath speeds up 5 to 7 times faster.
diameter of axon, larger=more rapid |
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synapses
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2 neurons= synaptic terminal to dendrite, cell body, or axon
neuron and effector= synaptic terminal to gland or muscle |
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chemical synapse
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most abundant. neurotransmitter released at the presynaptic membrane triggers a change in the transmembrane potential of receptor cell
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electrical synapse
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relatively rare. gap junctions permit passage of ions between tightly bound presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.
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one major difference between electrical and chemical synapses?
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electrical can convey nerve impulses in either direction. chemical can only go from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
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gray matter of the PNS
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ganglia
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white matter of the PNS
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nerves
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gray matter of CNS
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neural cortex-on surface of brain
centers-collections of neuron cell bodies with specific processing function (also higher centers) nuclei-collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior |
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white matter of CNS
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tracts-bundles of axons that share a common origin and destination
columns-several tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass |
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spinal meninges
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specialized membranes that cover the spinal cord and surround the spinal roots. continuous with cranial meninges at the foramen magnum
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function of meninges
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physical protection
physical stability absorb shock |
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dura mater
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outermost, toughest meningeal layer. dense irregular CT.
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epidural space
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between dura mater and bony wall of vertebral column, loose CT, blood vessels, adipose
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coccygeal ligament
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fibrous extension of the dura mater and filum terminale; longitudinal stabilization of spinal cord
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arachnoid
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middle meningeal layer (deep to dura mater). simple squamous epithelial.
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subdural space
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doesn't really exist. between arachnoid mater and dura mater
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subarachnoid space
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actual space that separates arachnoid from pia mater. filled with CSF
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pia mater
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deepest meningeal layer. loose CT, firmly bound to underlying spinal cord. blood vessels to supply spinal cord
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denticulate ligaments
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extensions of spinal pia mater that connect the pia mater and arachnoid to the dura mater
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how many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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layers of a peripheral nerve
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epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
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epineurium
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outermost tough, fibrous layer of collagen fibers that surrounds a peripheral nerve (continuous with dura mater at each intervertebral foramen)
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perineurium
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middle layer that divides the nerve into a series of compartments containing bundles of axons, called fasicles
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endoneurium
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innermost layer of CT surrounding individual axons
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where are the blood vessels in a peripheral nerve?
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they penetrate the epineurium and branch within the perineurium
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dermatome
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a specific region of the body surface that is monitored by a pair of spinal nerves
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autonomic
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unconcious regulation of visceral function
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spinal nerves T2-12
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think visceral organs. sympathetic ganglion, white and gray rami, rami communicantes, dorsal and ventral rami, dermatomes
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sympathetic ganglion
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(autonomic) contains cell bodies associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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white ramus
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preganglionic fibers- first branch of each spinal nerve in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions, contains myelinated axons heading towards an autonomic ganglion
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gray ramus
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postganglion fibers-unmyelinated fibers that leave the sympathetic ganglion and head either back to the spinal nerve or away from the spinal nerve
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rami communicantes
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collective term for the white and gray rami
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dorsal ramus
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provides necessary sensory innervation from, and motor innervation to, a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the back
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ventral ramus
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supplies the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall and the limbs
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nerve plexuses
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complex interwoven networks of nerves
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4 plexuses
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cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus
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cervical plexus
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innervates muscles of the neck and extend into the thoracic cavity to control diaphragmatic muscles
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phrenic nerve
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consists of muscular and cutaneous branches in the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4. in the cervical plexus. causes hiccups
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brachial plexus
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innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb,consists of contributions from ventral rami C5-T1
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lumbar plexus
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arises from the lumbar segments of the spinal cord and the ventral rami of these nerves supply the pelvic girdle and lower limb
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sacral plexus
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arises from the sacral segments of the spinal cord and, as with the lumbar plexus, the ventral rami of these nerves supply the pelvic girdle and lower limb. (sciatic nerve)
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2 fibrous layers of the dura mater protecting the brain
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endosteal layer-outermost, fused to periosteum lining cranial bones
meningeal layer-innermost |
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dural sinuses
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large veins in the spaces between the layers of the dura mater. superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus
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falx cerebri
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fold of dura that runs between cerebral hemispheres
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tantorium cerebelli
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fold of dura that separates cerebrum from cerebellum
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falx cerebelli
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fold of dura that divides the cerebellar hemispheres
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arachnoid of the brain
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middle cranial meningeal layer that acts as a roof over the cranial blood vessels.
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subarachnoid space of brain
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space between the arachnoid and pia mater, formed from a web like meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers
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arachnoid granulations
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fingerlike extensions of arachnoid which penetrates the dura mater that surround and suspend the blood vessels within the meninges
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pia mater of brain
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deepest cranial meningeal layer tightly attached to the brain. acts as a floor to the cranial blood vessels
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regions of the brain
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cerebrum, diencephalon (thalamus,hypothalamus), mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
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which part of the nervous system do the cranial nerves belong to?
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PNS
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12 cranial nerves
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I olfactory
II optic III oculomotor IV trochlear V trigeminal VI abducens VII facial VIII vestibulocochlear IX glossopharyngeal X vagus XI accessory nerve XII hypoglossal nerve |
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CN I
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olfactory
sensory-smell origin:receptors of olfactory epithelium destination: olfactory bulbs test: close eyes, press on one nostril, should be able to identify smells. test each nostril |
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CNII
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optic
sensory-vision origin: retina of eye destination: diencephalon via optic chiasm test: opthalmoscopic exam |
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CNIII
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oculomotor
motor-eye movements origin: mesencephalon destination: somatic motor-extrinsic eye muscles, visceral motor-intrinsic eye muscles test: check for differences in size of right and left pupils |
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CNIV
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trochlear
motor-eye movements origin:mesencephalon destination: extrinsic eye movemnents test: move finger in front of eyes and watch them follow |
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CNV
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trigeminal, 3 catagories
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular |
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ophthalmic trigeminal
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sensory
origin: orbial structures, nasal cavities, skin of forehead, upper eyelid and eyebrow, part of nose destination: sensory nuclei in the pons test: rub cotton on face, then trace same area with sharper object |
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maxillary trigeminal
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sensory
origin: lower eyelid, upper lip, gums and teeth, cheek, part of nose, palate, pharynx destination: sensory nuclei in the pons test: chew gum with front teeth make sure muscles are moving symmetrically in temporal region. same thing in back teeth |
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mandibular trigeminal
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sensory branch originates in teeth, lower gums, lips, palate, and part of tongue receptors of olfactory epithelium
destination: sensory nuclei of pons motor branch originates in motor nuclei of pons destination: muscles of mastication same test as maxillary |
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CNVI
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abducens
motor-eye movement origin: pons destination: extrinsic eye muscles |
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CNVII
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facial
sensory branch originates in taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue and its destination is sensory nuclei of pons motor branch originates in motor nuclei of pons and its destination is somatic motor-muscles of facial expression and visceral motor-lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa glands, salivary glands test: assess facial expression by asking them to make faces, offer sweet and salty on tip of tongue to check for taste function |
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CNVIII
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vestibulocochlear
sensory vestibular branch-balance and equilibrium cochlear branch-hearing origin: receptors of inner ear destination-vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla onlongata test-stand with eyes closed and feet close together, rub fingers together beside ear, can it be identified with each ear? |
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CNIX
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glossopharyngeal
sensory originates in taste receptors on posterior 1/3 of tongue, part of pharynx and palate, carotid arteries of neck. its destination is sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata motor originates in motor nuclei of medulla oblongata and destination is: somatic motor-pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing visceral motor-parotid salivary gland test:watch swallow water, should be symmetrical |
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CNX
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vagus
sensory originates in pharynx, auricle of ear, external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, and visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and its destination is sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata motor originates in motor nuclei of medulla oblongata and its destination is (somatic)muscles of palate and pharynx (visceral)respiratory, cariovascular and digestive organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity test: have them say "ahh" observe uvula and palate. should be symmetrical |
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CNXI
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accessory nerve
motor originates in motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata destination is muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx, sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle test-place hands on shoulderask them to shrug while you press down. |
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CNXII
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hypoglossal
motor originates in motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata destination is muscles of tongue test-stick out tongue and move from side to side |
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cranial motor nerves
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oculomotor, trigeminal: mandibular (motor branch), abducens, facial (motor branch), glossopharyngeal (motor branch), vagus nerve (motor branch), accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve
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cranial sensory nerves
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olfactory, optic, trigeminal: opthalmic and maxillary, facial (sensory branch), vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal (sensory branch), vagus nerve (sensory branch)
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6 major divisions of the brain
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cerebrum, diencephalon, the pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
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ventricles of the brain
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cavities within the brain lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF
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lateral ventricles
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2 located within each cerebral hemisphere
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third ventricle
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located within the diencephalon, communicates with the lateral ventricles via an intraventricular foramen
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fourth ventricle
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located between the pons and the cerebellum, communicates with the third ventricle via a slender canal called the aqueduct of the midbrain
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Blood brain barrier
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isolates the blood supply to the brain from general circulation
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Functions of the bbb
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maintain a constant environment for CNS neurons, tight junctions between epithelial cells lining the capillaries of the CNS allow selective and directional transport.
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what can cross the bbb?
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lipid soluble compounds can diffuse across it into interstitial fluid of the brain, water soluble compounds can only cross via passive or active transport
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exceptions to the bbb
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portions of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of 3rd and 4th ventricles
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why is the hypothalamus an exception to the bbb?
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capillary endothelium have increased permeability to expose the hypothalamic nuclei to circulating hormones
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why is the pineal gland an exception to the bbb?
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it is an endocrine structure so capillaries in it are very permeable to permit secretions into circulation
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why is the choroid plexus an exception to the bbb?
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it's the site of cerebral spinal fluid production-regions of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries
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Functions of cerebral spinal fluid
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cushion delicate neural structures, support the brain, transport nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products
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cerebral spinal fluid
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specialized ependymal cells use passive and active transport in both directions to regulate and secrete the fluid that is derived from blood plasma. 500 ml a day
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largest region of the brain
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cerebrum
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cerebral hemispheres
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paired structures covered by a thick blanket of neural cortex (gray matter)
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gyri
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elevated ridges
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precentral gyrus
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motor
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postcentral gyrus
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sensory
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sulci
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shallow depressions
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central sulcus
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extends laterally from the longitudinal fissure
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lateral sulcus
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marks the inferior border of the frontal lobe
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parieto-occiptal sulcus
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separates the parietal and occipital lobes
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lobes of the brain
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frontal, temporal, insula, parietal, occipital
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frontal lobe
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primary motor cortex-concious control of skeletal muscle
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temporal lobe
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auditory and olfactory cortexes-conscious perception of sounds and smells
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insula
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gustatory complex-conscious perception of taste
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parietal lobe
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primary sensory cortex-conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, and taste
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occipital lobe
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visual cortex-conscious perception of visual stimuli
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Functions of cerebrum
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conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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cerebral cortex
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motor and sensory areas separated by the central sulcus
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primary motor cortex
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directs voluntary movements (located in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe)
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primary sensory cortex
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receives somatic info from touch, pressure, pain, taste and temp receptors. (located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe)
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visual cortex
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area of the occipital lobe that receives visual info
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auditory cortex
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area of the temporal lobe that receives info concerned with hearing
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olfactory cortex
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area of the temporal lobe that receives info concerned with smell
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gustatory complex
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area of the insula and part of the frontal lobe that receives info from taste receptors
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the central white matter
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areas of myelinated axons located deep to the gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
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3 types of white matter fibers
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association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
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association fibers
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interconnect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemispheres (arcuate fibers)
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commissural fibers
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connect the two cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum)
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projection fibers
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link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain
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the basal nuclei
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paired masses of gray matter embedded within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
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Functions of the basal nuclei
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control muscle tone, coordination of learned movement patterns and other somatic motor activities
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caudate nucleus
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maintains pattern and rhythm of movement
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claustrum
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subconscious processing of visual information
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lentiform nucleus
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subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands. (putamen controls cycles of movement. globus pallidus controls and adjusts muscle tone)
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amygdaloid body
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component of the limbic system
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limbic system
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the emotional brain
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functions of the limbic system
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establish emotional states and related behavioral drives, link conscious intellectual functions with unconscious/automatic functions of other parts of the brain, facilitate memory storage and retrieval
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components of the limbic system
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functional group, not anatomical group. consists of parts of cerebrum, diencephalon and mesencephalon (cingualte gyrus, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, mamillary bodies, anterior nucleus)
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diencephalon
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connects cerebral hemispheres to brain stem
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3 parts of the diencephalon
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epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
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epithalamus
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forms roof of the third ventricle, includes pineal gland, part of the endocrine structure that secretes melatonin
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thalamus
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egg shaped bodies that form the walls of the diencephalon and surround the third ventricle
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thalamic nuclei
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groups: anterior, medial, ventral, posterior, and lateral
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anterior group
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part of the limbic system
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medial group
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integrates sensory info arriving at thalamus and hypothalamus for projection to the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
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ventral group
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projects sensory info to the primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe, relays info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to regions of the cerebrum
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posterior group
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pulvinar, lateral geniculate nuclei, and medial geniculate nuclei
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pulvinar
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integrates sensory info for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex
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lateral geniculate nuclei
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project visual info to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe
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medial geniculate nuclei
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project auditory info to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
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lateral group
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forms feedback loop
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hypothalamus
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forms the floor of the third ventricle
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functions of the hypothalamus
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controls autonomic functions, sets appetitive drives and behaviors, sets emotional states, and integrates with endocrine system
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Parts of the hypothalamus
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supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, tuberal area, autonomic centers, mamillary bodies
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supraoptic nucleus
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secretes antidiuretic hormone
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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regulates daily (circadian) rhythms
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paraventricular nucleus
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secretes oxytocin
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preoptic area
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regulates body temp
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tuberal area
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produces inhibitory and releasing hormones that target endocrine cells of pituitary blood pressure
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mamillary bodies
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control feeding reflexes
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autonomic centers
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control heart rate and blood pressure
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mamillary bodies
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control feeding reflexes
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mesencephalon
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midbrain. contains nuclei that process visual and auditory info and generate reflexive responses to these stimuli
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structures of the mesencephalon
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gray matter tectum (roof)-corpora quadrigemina (paired sensory nuclei)
walls and floor- red nuclei, substantia nigra, reticular formation, nuclei associated with CN III and IV |
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the paired sensory nuclei of the corpora quadrigemina
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superior colliculi-integrates visual info, initiates reflex responses to visual stimuli
inferior colliculi-relays auditory info to the thalamus, initiates reflex responses to auditory stimuli |
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red nuclei
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involuntary control of background muscle tone and limb position, posture
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substantia nigra
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regulates activity in the basal nuclei-motor output. (parkinson's disease)
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reticular formation
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automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands, can initiate motor responses to stimuli, helps maintain consciousness
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cerebral peduncles
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white matter of the mesencephalon, connects primary motor cortex with motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, carry ascending info to the thalamus
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metencephalon
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the pons and cerebellum
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pons
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extends inferiorly from mesencephalon to medulla oblongata and forms prominent bulge on anterior surface of brainstem
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gray matter of the pons
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nuclei concerned with involuntary control of respiration, sensory and motor nuclei for CN V, VI, VII, and VIII
nuclei that process and relay cerebellar commands |
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white matter of the pons
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ascending, descending and transverse tracts that permits communication between cerebellar hemispheres
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cerebellum
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located posterior to the pons. coordinates and controls ongoing movements of body parts.
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vermis
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separates cerebellar hemispheres
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folia
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fine ridge-like folds of the cerebellum
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lobes of the cerebellum
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anterior and posterior
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arbor vitae
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connects cerebellar cortex with the cerebellar peduncles
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cerebellar peduncles
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superior links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon and cerebrum
middle contains transverse fibers and carries communications between the cerebellum and pons inferior links cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord |
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medulla oblongata
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aka myelencephalon. inferior portion of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord.
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gray matter of the medulla oblongata
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nucleus gracilis-relay sensory info to thalamus
nucleus cuneatus-same olivary nuclei-relay to cerebellum from all other regions nuclei of CN VIII,IX,X,XI,XII reflex centers-autonomic system including cardiovascular center and respiratory rhythmicity center |
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white matter of the medula oblongata
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ascending and descending tracts
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cerebellum functions
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coordinates complex somatic motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
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cerebrum functions
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conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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diencephalon functions
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thalamus-relay and processing centers for sensory info
hyopthalamus-centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production |
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mesencephalon functions
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processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness
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pons functions
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relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
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medulla oblongata functions
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relays sensory info to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system)
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brain stem
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medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon
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what does the prosencephalon develop into?
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diencephalon and telencephalon
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what does the telencephalon develop into?
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cerebrum
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what does the mesencephalon develop into?
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it stays the mesencephalon
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what does the rhombencephalon develop into?
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metencephalon and myelencephalon
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what does the metencephalon develop into?
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cerebellum and pons
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what does the myelencephalon develop into?
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medulla oblongata
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