The Lympathtic System, Immunity 22

Front 1

Ability to ward off disease with defense mechanisms 2 forms: nonspecific resistance & specific resistance

Back 1

Resistance

Front 2

Lack of resistance

Back 2

Susceptibility

Front 3

Protection against disease by specific defense mechanisms

Back 3

Immunity

Front 4

Present at birth not specific – respond the same way to any challenge

Back 4

Not Specific Defence

Front 5

Skin and mucous membranes stratified layers which slough and are replaced rapidly

Back 5

Physical barriers

Front 6

Tears, saliva, mucus, sebum, sweat, urine, digestive juices. Lubricate surfaces to prevent desiccation, trap and wash away foreign materialsand contain acid/pH that kills some microbes

Back 6

Secretions
(Non specific defence)

Front 7

In many secretions; breaks down cell walls of bacteria

Back 7

Lysozyme

Front 8

Inhibit bad microbes

Back 8

Nomal bacterial Colonies

Front 9

microphages – neutrophils and eosinophils from blood, macrophages – in tissues (derived from monocytes)

Back 9

Phagocytes
(Non specific defence)

Front 10

Seeking out and destroying abnormal cells (natural killer cells) wander throughout body and recognize and bind to most abnormal surface molecules (bacteria, virus-infected cells, tumors)

Back 10

Immunological surveillance
(Non specific defence)

Front 11

Lethal oxidants kill microbes digestive enzymes break ingested materials down

Back 11

Oxidative burst

Front 12

Interferons – produced by virus-infected cells and some WBCs induce unifected cells to produce antiviral proteins virus can enter cells, but can’t reproduce may also attract and stimulate WBCs and reduce inflammation

Back 12

Antimicrobial proteins
(Non specific defence)

Front 13

Response to any tissue damage,
damaged cells release local chemicals (cytokines) that cause:vasodilation & increased capillary permeability mast cell degranulation – release histamine, heparin, and other cytokines redness, heat, swelling, and pain chemotaxis of WBC

Back 13

Inflammation
(Non specific defence)

Front 14

Dead cells and fluid

Back 14

Pus

Front 15

Accumulation of trapped pus

Back 15

Abscess

Front 16

Body temperature >99oF
pyrogens – circulating cytokines that reset thermostat in hypothalamus inhibits growth of some microbes increases metabolic rate = faster repair functions

Back 16

Fever
(Non specific Defence)

Front 17

The bodies system that protects against particular or specific infections.

Back 17

SPECIFIC DEFENSES – IMMUNITY

Front 18

Each immune cell responds to one specific antigen.

Back 18

Specificity

Front 19

Allows for a faster, stronger response to a second exposure to the same antigen

Back 19

Memory

Front 20

Network of vessels that allows for gathering and providing resistance against infection.

Back 20

Lymphatic System

Front 21

Excess interstitial fluid and proteins collected from tissue,content depends on tissue region

Back 21

Lymph

Front 22

System of vessels that collect lymph and return it to the bloodstream transports dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins from tissues of GI tract to blood (chyle – creamy white lymph)

Back 22

Lymphatic vessels

Front 23

Specialized reticular
connective tissue structures
containing many lymphocytes

Back 23

Lymphatic tissues & organs

Front 24

Immune cells responsible for specific resistance
B cells – develop in "bone" marrow (also NK cells)
T cells – mature in "thymus"

Back 24

Lymphocytes

Front 25

Tiny vessels in interstitial spaces. Begin in tissues – one end is closed endothelial cells overlap to form one-way valves interstitial fluid flows in under pressure, but can’t flow out.

Back 25

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 26

Similar to veins have many one-way valves – lymph flows toward heart skeletal and respiratory pumps aid flow of lymph.

Back 26

Lymphatic vessels

Front 27

Drains lower body and left arm, chest, and head empties into left subclavian vein.

Back 27

Thoracic duct

Front 28

Drains right arm, chest, and head empties into right subclavian vein

Back 28

Right lymphatic duct

Front 29

Large dilation that collects lymph from lower body.

Back 29

Cisterna chyli

Front 30

Clusters of lymphocytes without a capsule.

Back 30

Lymphatic nodules

Front 31

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissues (within mucous membranes)

Back 31

Malt

Front 32

Found in the pharyngeal region

Back 32

Tonsils

Front 33

Found in the intestine

Back 33

Peyer's patches

Front 34

T Cells mature in this organ

Back 34

Thymus

Front 35

600 bean-shaped organs located along lymph vessels.

Back 35

Lymph Nodes

Front 36

Lymph flows into nodes and through___________, which filters out abnormal materials

Back 36

Recticular conective Tissue

Front 37

Largest Lymphatic organ. Consists of Red and White pulp.

Back 37

Spleen

Front 38

Capillary sinusoids full of blood within a reticular network fixed macrophages phagocytize worn-out RBCs and abnormal materials & present antigens to lymphocytes.

Back 38

Red Pulp

Front 39

Contains B cells and T cells producing immune responses

Back 39

White Pulp

Front 40

specific surface molecular arrangements recognized by immune cells.

Back 40

Antegens

Front 41

Lock & key binding of immune cell to antigen.

Back 41

Specificity

Front 42

Membrane proteins on T cells and B cells that recognize
and bind specific antigens.

Back 42

Antigen receptors

Front 43

Self antigens on membranes of all body cells except RBCs(cells constantly manufacture new MHC proteins).
Genetically determined – unique to individuals (except identical twins).

Back 43

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins

Front 44

Selection process during lymphocyte development, destroys cells with receptors reactive to the body’s own antigens immune cells. Recognize self and non-self tissue typing for transplants.

Back 44

Self Tolerance

Front 45

B cells - can recognize and bind antigens
T cells - antigens must be presented with MHC to be recognized fragments of antigens bind to newly manufactured MHCs antigen-MHC complexes are inserted in cell membrane

Back 45

Antigen Presentation

Front 46

1) APC or infected/abnormal cell presents antigen-MHC complex
2) T cell receptor recognizes and binds specific antigen-MHC complex
3) Costimulation T cell is activated
4) Proliferation and Differentiation

Back 46

Cell-Mediated Immunity – T cells

Front 47

Activated T cell divides forming a population of cells recognizing that specific antigen and capable of some immune function

Back 47

Clone

Front 48

Secrete cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells. Costimulator for B cells stimulate macrophage and NK cell function.

Back 48

Helper T Cells

Front 49

Seek and destroy cells with that specific antigen. Kill target cells by 3 methods: cytolysis, Lymphotoxin and apotosis.

Back 49

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 50

Clone cells remaining in body for years initiate faster, stronger second response to same antigen.

Back 50

Memory T Cells

Front 51

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Back 51

B cells

Front 52

Large proteins composed of 4 polypeptide chains variable segment – antigen-binding site, specific for antigen constant segment – 5 similar structures

Back 52

Immunoglobulins

Front 53

Secrete antibodies - antibodies circulate to invasion site antigen-antibody complexes – antibodies bind to specific antigens that initiatied their production

Back 53

Plasma cells

Front 54

5 classes of immunoglobulins

Back 54

IgG – most common (80%); can cross placenta
IgM – first secreted by plasma cells: associated with ABO
blood transfusion reactions
IgA – in secretions, including breast milk
IgE – involved in allergies (on basophils and mast cells)
IgD – involved in B cell activation (on B cell)

Front 55

Binding antigen alters function of a microbe or chemical. Neutralizes a bacterial toxin, prevents virus entering a cell, prevents movement of bacterial cilia or flagella

Back 55

Neutralization

Front 56

Cross-link antigens, making phagocytosis more likely, or causing precipitation (settling out)

Back 56

Agglutination

Front 57

Cascade – stimulates phagocytes enhance phagocytosis – “flag” to attract phagocytes

Back 57

Activate complement

Front 58

Enhances phagocyte adhesion

Back 58

Opsonization

Front 59

Immune response against normal body tissues

Back 59

Autoimmune disorders

Front 60

Failure to develop normal lymphatic system
immunosuppressive diseases – AIDS, Cushings syndrome
immunosuppressive agents – drugs (corticosteroids), radiation

Back 60

Immunodeficiency diseases

Front 61

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses

Back 61

Allergies