Lymphatic System And Immunity

Front 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

Returns interstitial fluid to CV system.

Protects the body.

Front 2

What is interstitial fluid called once it enters a lymphatic capillary?

Back 2

Lymph fluid

Front 3

How does the lymphatic system protect the body short-term? Long-term?

Back 3

Short-term via phagocytosis and inflammatory response.

Long-term via the immune response.

Front 4

What is the function of a lymphatic vessel?

Back 4

Bring lymph fluid into and away from a lymph node.

Front 5

What is lymphangitis?

Back 5

Inflamed superficial lymph vessel's vasa vasorum gets congested with blood. Visible red lines reflected through skin.

Front 6

What do lymphatic vessels merge to form?

Back 6

Lymphatic trunks

Front 7

What is the function of the lymphatic trunks?

Back 7

Drain lymph fluid from large regions.

Front 8

Lymphatic trunks empty into one of two...?

Back 8

collecting ducts

Front 9

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

Back 9

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct

Front 10

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Back 10

RUE, thorax, head

Front 11

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Back 11

Drains lymph from the everything except the UE, thorax, and head.

Front 12

Where do lymphatic capillaries originate?

Back 12

in the intersitial spaces parallel to blood capillaries

Front 13

What do lymphatic capillaries merge to form?

Back 13

lymphatic (collecting) vessels

Front 14

How are lymphatic vesels similar to veins?

Back 14

They both have valves, the standard 3 tuicas, and move with skeletal muscles

Front 15

Where do the R ymphatic duct and throacic duc empty into?

Back 15

subclavian vein

Front 16

What is a lymph node(lymph gland)?

Back 16

A specialized encapsulated, bean shaped mass of tissure scattered along lymphatic vessels

Front 17

What are the function fo the lymph nodes?

Back 17

filter out harmful bacteria and materials(increase # of macrophages)

initial site of immune surveillance and activating the immune response( increase # of lymphocytes)

Front 18

what is the outer part of a lymph node made of?

Back 18

white fibrous connective tissue capsule

Front 19

What type of lymph vessel brings lymph fluid towards the node?

Back 19

afferent lymph vessel

Front 20

What type of lymph vessel brings lymph fluid away from the node?

Back 20

efferent lymph vessel

Front 21

What is a hilus(hilum)?

Back 21

indented concave region; site of efferent lymph vessels

Front 22

What are trabecula(e)?

Back 22

Capsule that extends into the node, which divide the node into compartments(like slices of a pie)

Front 23

What is a follicle(nodule)?

Back 23

The structural unit of a lymph node; formed by the trabecula

Front 24

What is the germinal centers?

Back 24

masses of actively dividing lymphocytes

Front 25

What are lymph sinuses?

Back 25

spaces within follicles where fluid circulates; contains ↑ # of macrophages

Front 26

What are tonsils?

Back 26

mostly unecapsulated lymph follicles

Front 27

What are peyer's patches?

Back 27

aggregation of lymph follicles in small intestine's mucosal lining

Front 28

Its wall is heavily concentrated with lymph follicles?

Back 28

appendix

Front 29

What causes lymph fluid to flow?

Back 29

skeletal muscle contraction

Front 30

All body tissues are drained via the lymphatic system execpt for?

Back 30

CNS, bone, teeth and all avascular tissue (egs.: cornea)

Front 31

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

Back 31

spleen

Front 32

Where is the spleen located?

Back 32

located in the upper (L) abdominal cavity; (L) lateral and posterior to the stomach

Front 33

What are the functions of the spleen?

Back 33

major function is blood-cleansing: via filtration (has ↑# of macrophages) and immune surveillance and response (has ↑# of lymphocytes)

Is a site for storage of RBC breakdown products and platelets

is the site of fetal RBC production

Front 34

What are the sinuses of the spleen filled with?

Back 34

filled with blood, NOT lymph fluid

Front 35

What is red pulp?

Back 35

has RBCs, reticular CT and(mostly) macrophages (for filtration)

Front 36

What is white pulp?

Back 36

has (mostly) an ↑ # of lymphocytes (for immune surveillance and response)

Front 37

Where is the thymus gland located?

Back 37

superior aspect of the heart

Front 38

What hormone does the thymus gland secrtete?

Back 38

thymosin

Front 39

What does thymosin do?

Back 39

which causes undifferentiated lymphocytes to become t-lymphocytes(t-cells)

Front 40

What happens to the thymus gland as you get older?

Back 40

decreases in size and activity

Front 41

What is immunity?

Back 41

the body’s defense mechanism against pathogens

Front 42

What is a pathogen?

Back 42

disease-causing organism (bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoan)

Front 43

What is an antigen/Ag?

Back 43

living or non-living substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system (i.e., nonself); an Ag activates the immune system

Front 44

what is a non-specific immunity?

Back 44

is always prepared; responds immediately to protect the body from all Ags (none in specific); we are normally born with this type of immunity

Front 45

What are different types of non-specific immunity?

Back 45

Surface barriers, Phagocytosis, Natural Killer/NK cells, Inflammation, Antimicrobial proteins, Fever

Front 46

What are surface barriers?

Back 46

intact skin, mucous membrane

Front 47

What is phagocytosis?

Back 47

neutrophils and monocytes are attracted via chemotaxis → diapedesis → phagocytosis

Front 48

What is pus?

Back 48

dead neutrophils and dead pathogens

Front 49

What are Natural Killer/NK cells?

Back 49

unique large granular lymphocytes; lyse → kill CA cells and virus-infected cells

Front 50

What chemicals causes inflammations?

Back 50

histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement and cytokines

Front 51

What do antimicrobial proteins do?

Back 51

attack and either kill the microbes (-cidal) or inhibit microbes from reproducing (static)

Front 52

What is a complement?

Back 52

a group of 10-20 plasma proteins that, when activated, release chemical mediators that lyse microbes (via a MAC) and enhance the inflammatory response

Front 53

What is an Interferon?

Back 53

small proteins released by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected cells from viral replication

Front 54

What is a pyrogen?

Back 54

A chemical that WBC's release to raise the bodies temperature

Front 55

What is specific(adaptive) immunity?

Back 55

recognizes something as foreign and responds to immobilize, kill or remove it. This ‘immune response’ is Ag-specific, systemic and has memory

Front 56

What is an antigen/Ag?

Back 56

any living or non-living substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system

Front 57

What are antigenic determinant?

Back 57

specific sites on an Ag where
antibodies/Abs or specialized lymphocytes recognize and bind to

Front 58

What are self-Ags?

Back 58

a specific group of glycoproteins on our cell’s surface that mark our cells as ‘self’, i.e., not foreign nor antigenic to us, but foreign and antigenic to others

Front 59

What is another name for self-Ags?

Back 59

MHC/major histocompatibility complex proteins

Front 60

What are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins?

Back 60

class I MHC proteins: found on all body cells except RBCs

class II MHC proteins: found only on cells that present Ags to helper T-cells: macrophages, B-cells and Langerhans’ cells AKA dendritic cells.

Front 61

What are Ag-Presenting Cells/APCs?

Back 61

mainly macrophages, activated B-cells and Langerhans’ cells AKA dendritic cells that engulf and destroy Ags, then present Ag-fragments onto their surface (via class II MHC proteins which can contain metabolized parts of foreign Ags), signaling that the cell has been invaded by a non-self (foreign) Ag to be recognized by helper T-cells

Front 62

What percent are t-cells and b-cell of circulating lymphocytes?

Back 62

t-cells 65-85%
b-cell 12-35%

Front 63

What causes immature lymphocytes to become specific type of immunocompetent T-cell?

Back 63

Thymosin

Front 64

Where do T-cell mature?

Back 64

thymus gland

Front 65

Where do B-cells mature?

Back 65

bone marrow

Front 66

What does immunocompetent mean?

Back 66

to form specific receptors on their surface that recognize and bind to one specific Ag

Front 67

What are T-cell and B-cell called when they bind with their recognized Ag?

Back 67

functional or activated B-cells and/or T-cells

Front 68

What is Humoral AKA Ab Immune Response?

Back 68

activated B-cells undergo clonal selection: they grow and rapidly multiply to form B-cells all exactly like the first (i.e., clones) with the same Ag-specific receptors

Front 69

What is another name for antibody?

Back 69

Immunoglobulin/Ig

Front 70

What are the five major Ig classes

Back 70

G, A, M, E, D

Front 71

What is complement fixation and activation?

Back 71

cell lysis (the MAC), plus
enhancement of the inflammatory response and phagocytosis

Front 72

What is neutralization?

Back 72

neutralization of the Ag’s ability to bind to its target cell; eventual phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complex

Front 73

What is agglutination?

Back 73

clumping of cell-bound Ags

Front 74

What is precipitation?

Back 74

dissolved Ag-Ab complex ppt.s out of solution

Front 75

What is the life span of B-cell differentiate into plasma cells?

Back 75

4-5 days

Front 76

If a cloned B-cell does not become a plama cell, what does it become?

Back 76

B-memory cell

Front 77

What is primary immune response?

Back 77

The first exposure to an Ag.

Front 78

How long does primary immune response take?

Back 78

3-6 days prior to the presence of circulating Abs; peak Ab levels are present in 10 days

Front 79

What is secondary immune response?

Back 79

The second exposure to the same Ag

Front 80

How long does secondary immune response take?

Back 80

only 2-3 days to present an even greater Ab titer than with the primary response

Front 81

What is an acitve immunity and what are the types of acitve immunity?

Back 81

the individual (actively produces his/her own antibodies/Abs.

naturally acquired-person is exposed to pathogen; develops the ds.; produces Abs

artificially acquired-person receives a vaccine of the antigen; no severe ds. symptoms develop, but will produce Abs

Front 82

What is an passive immunity and what are the types of passive immunity?

Back 82

the individual does not produce his/her own Abs; the individual (passively) receives pre-formed Abs

naturally acquired-person receives Mom’s pre-formed Abs that cross-over from Mom’s placenta or breast-milk

artificially acquired-person receives pre-formed, short-lived Abs from another animal; done in emergencies for short-term protection, i.e.,snake bites; bee stings

Front 83

What is cell-mediated Immune Response?

Back 83

immunocompetent T-cells become activated → enlarge → proliferate → form a clone of T-cells that will then differentiate according to their T-cell type

Front 84

When does peak T-cell responce occur and T-cell death occur?

Back 84

peak primary response occurs within a week of initial exposure

T-cell death occurs between days 7 and 30

Front 85

What is a cytokines?

Back 85

chemical mediators that enhance, regulate and stimulate a variety of immune and nonspecific responses

Front 86

What are the types of cytokines?

Back 86

Lymphokines: release by activated T-cells
Monokines: released by macrophages
Interleukin 1: released by macrophages
Interleukin 2: release by activated T-cells

Front 87

What do helper t-cells do?

Back 87

once activated, they chemically or directly stimulate proliferation of other T-cells and/or activated B-cells

Front 88

What are Cytotoxic T-cell?

Back 88

once activated, they directly attack and kill other cells via cell lysis; responsible for transplant/graft rejections

Front 89

What are Memory T-cell?

Back 89

activated clone T-cells become Memory T-cells (according to the T-cell type) to mediate a secondary immune response; lifespan may be a human’s lifetime

Front 90

What are Regulatory T-cell?

Back 90

release lymphokines that suppress the activity of B-cells and T-cells (prevents uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity)

Front 91

What are Delayed-type hypersensitivity T-cells?

Back 91

promote allergic reactions

Front 92

What do people with SCID/Severe Combined Immune Deficiency lack?

Back 92

functioning B-cells and T-cells

Front 93

What does HIV do?

Back 93

infects and destroys T-Helper cells and Macrophages

Front 94

What are some symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Back 94

joint swelling; joint pain; joint destruction → joint contractures and deformities; morning joint stiffness that lasts at least 1 hour

Front 95

What are some symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 95

neuropathy; retinopathy; nephropathy; micro- and macro-vascular disease

Front 96

What are some symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

Back 96

skin rashes; fever; joint pain; nephropathy

Front 97

What are some symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

Back 97

fatigue; sensory abnormalcies; motor abnormalcies