The Integumentary System

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Integumentary system is made up of 2 parts

Back 1

cutaneous membrane, accessory structures

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cutaneous membrane has 2 components

Back 2

epidermis and the dermis

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accessory structure

Back 3

originates in the dermis and extend through the epidermis, includes nails hair and exocrine glands

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connections

Back 4

cardiovascular system, nervous system

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subcutaneous layer

Back 5

loose connective tissue, below the dermis, location of hypodermic needles.

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functions of the skin

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protect, excretes, synthesizes vitamin d, stores lipids, detects touch, pressure, pain and temp

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epidermis

Back 7

avascular, nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

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cells in the epidermis

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keratinocytes, thin skin, thick skin

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keratinocytes

Back 9

contains large amounts of keratin, most abundant cell in the epidermis

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thin skin

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covers most of the body, has four layers of keratinocytes

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thick skin

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covers the palms and soles of the feet

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structure of the epidermis

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from the basal layer,

stratum germinativum
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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stratum germinativum

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has many stem cells, is attached with the basal lamina, and forms fingerprint, dermal papillae,

specialized cells are merkel and melanocytes

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stratum spinosum

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the spiny layer, produced by division of stratum germinativum, cells shrink until cytoskeleton stick out, and contains dendritic

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stratum granulosum

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the grainy layer, stops dividing and starts producing, keratin, keratohyalin

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stratum lucidum

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the clear layer, found only in thick skin, covers stratum granulosum

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stratum cornueum

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the horn layer, exposed surface of the skin, water resistant

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keratinization

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the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin, occurs everywhere except the eyes.

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perspiration

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insensible(cant be noticed) and sensible(can be noticed)

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insensible perspiration

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interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum.

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sensible perspiration

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water excreted by sweat glands

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dehydration

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from damage to the stratum corneum,

from immersion in hypertonic solution

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hydration

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causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident in palms and soles

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skin color is influenced by

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carotene and melanin and blood circulation

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carotene

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orange-yellow pigment found in orange veggies, can be converted into vitamin A

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melanin

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yellow-brown or black pigments, created by melanocytes found in the stratum germinativum

protects skin from sun damage

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ultraviolet radiation (UV)

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causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancers and wrinkles.

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skin color

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depends on the melanin produced not the number of melanocytes

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illness and skin color

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jaundice- buildup of bile in the liver-yellow color
addison disease- a disease of the pituitary gland- skin darkens
vitiligo-loss of melanocytes-loss of color

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vitamin D

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epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol(vitamin D3)

liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into colcitriol

it also aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorous

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functions of Epidermal Growth factor

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promotes division of germinative cells

accelerates keratin production

stimulates epidermal repair

stimulates glandular secreation

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the dermis

Back 32

anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, Sweat glands)

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dermis has 2 components

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papillary layer and reticular layer

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the papillary layer

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consist of areolar tissue
contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

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reticular layer

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dense irregular tissue

larger blood vessels

collagen and elastic fibers

contains connective tissue proper

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dermatitis

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an inflammation of papillary layer
caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals

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dermal strength and elasticity needs the presence of

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collagen fibers and elastic fibers

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contusion

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a bruise

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innervation of the skin

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never fibers in skin control, blood flow, gland secretions, sensory receptors- hands and feet

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subcutaneous layer

Back 40

lies below the integument
stabilizes the skin
allows separate movement
is made of elastic areolar and adipose tissue
has few capillaries and no vital organs

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integumentary accessories

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hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nails

plus all located in the dermis

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functions of hair

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protects and insulates
guards openings against particles and insects
sensitive to light touch

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arrector pili

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involuntary smooth muscle that causes hair to stand up

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sebaceous gland

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lubricates the hair and controls bacteria

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2 types of exocrine glands in the skin

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sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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sebaceous glands

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oil glands

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sweat glands

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apocrine and merocrine glands

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sebum

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contains lipids and other ingredients
lubricates and protects the epidermis
inhibits bacteria

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apocrine sweat glands

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found in armpits, nipples and groin

secrets products into hair follicles

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merocrine sweat gland

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widely distributed on body surface
especially on palms and soles

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other integumentary glands

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mammary glands- milk

ceruminous gland- earwax

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can we control glands

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nope

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structure of nail

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nail body,lunula, lateral nail grooves, lateral nail fold, free edge, hypinychium, eponychium, proximalnail fold

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effects of aging

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epidermal thinning
decreased number of dendritic
decreased vitamin D3 production
decreased melanocyte activities
decreased glandular activity
reduced blood supply
decreased function of hair follicles
reduction of elastin fibers
decreased hormone levels
slower repair rate

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importance of the integumentary system

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protects and interacts with all organ systems

changes skin appearance are used to diagnose disorders in other systems.