Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Components of the Integumentary system |
|
|
|
Integumentary system |
organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside
includes skin and its appendages (including hair, and nails) |
|
|
epidermis |
composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered. top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its main function is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Dermis |
middle layer of skin, ------- has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the ------ and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Hypodermis |
innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibers. It is essentially composed of a type of cell specialised in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue . |
|
|
Thick Skin locations |
palms of the hands and soles of the feet |
|
|
Strata of Thick Skin (from deep to superficial) |
1. Stratum germinativum -basal layer 2. Stratum spinosum -spinous layer 3. Stratum granulosum -granular layer 4. Stratum lucidum -clear/translucent layer 5. Stratum corneum -cornified layer |
|
|
Stratum germinativum |
deepest layer of cells in the epidermis; function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae - increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis |
|
|
Stratum spinosum |
spinous layer Keratinocytes become connected through desmosomes and start produce lamellar bodies, from within the Golgi, enriched in polar lipids, glycosphingolipids, free sterols, phospholipids and catabolic enzymes Langerhans cells, are located in the middle of this layer. |
|
|
Stratum granulosum |
epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin |
|
|
Stratum lucidum |
clear/translucent layer The skin found in the palms and soles is known as "thick skin" because it has 5 epidermal layers instead of 4 |
|
|
Stratum corneum |
cornified layer 10 to 30 layers of polyhedral, anucleated corneocytes with the palms and soles having the most layers. Corneocytes are surrounded by a protein envelope Most of the barrier functions of the epidermis localize to this layer. |
|
|
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they |
die |
|
|
Strata of Thin Skin 4 instead of 5 strata; missing layer |
Stratum lucidum |
|
|
Keratinization |
formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin |
|
|
amount of time for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum |
2 to 4 weeks |
|
|
Carotene |
orange-yellow pigment; found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow; skin may turn orange as a result of buildup |
|
|
Melanin |
yellow-brown or black pigment; produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum then transferred to keratinocytes; serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ultraviolet radiation |
|
|
function of melanin |
protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation |
|
|
Albinism |
melanin is lacking |
|
|
Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (vitamin ------) when exposed to light |
D3 Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitriol to aid in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the large intestine |
|
|
Insufficient vitamin D3 can result in |
weak, flexible bones |
|
|
basal cell carcinoma |
most common form of skin cancer It rarely metastasizes or kills. However, because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues, it is still considered malignant. |
|
|
Squamous-cell carcinoma |
one of the major forms of skin cancer. occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissues, including the lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, lung, vagina, and cervix, among others. |
|
|
malignant melanoma |
causes to the development of -------- are environmental and genetic. type of cancer arising from the melanocyte cells of the skin. develops when the melanocytes no longer respond to normal control mechanisms of cellular growth. |
|
|
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the |
cutaneous plexus, in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis
(plexus is a branching network of vessels or nerves.) |
|
|
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle? |
There are no vital organs in the region |
|
|
Hair is formed by the |
repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in the hair matrix |
|
|
Structure of hair and hair follicles |
Hair papilla hair matrix hair root hair shaft cuticle cortex medulla |
|
|
hair shaft is comprised of |
dead keratinized epidermal cells |
|
|
goose bumps are formed |
when the arrector pili muscles contract |
|
|
Exocrine gland types |
Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands |
|
|
Sebaceous glands |
lipid in oil glands released through holocrine secretion |
|
|
condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands |
acne |
|
|
Apocrine |
glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty; Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin |
|
|
Sudoriferous glands |
from Latin sudor, meaning "sweat"), are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure, function, secretory product, mechanism of excretion |
|
|
modified apocrine sweat glands. |
Ceruminous glands (which produce ear wax), mammary glands (which produce milk), |
|
|
Merocrine (eccrine)- glands |
major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles. |
|
|
Mechanism that perspiration functions in cooling the body |
Evaporation |
|
|
Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called |
Keratin |
|
|
Parts of the nail |
Nail body nail bed nail root cuticle lunula |
|
|
Nail body |
covers the nail bed |
|
|
nail bed |
covers an area of epidermis) |
|
|
nail root |
site of growth |
|
|
cuticle also called the eponychium |
fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail |
|
|
the pale crescent area of the nail is called the _____. |
lanula |
|
|
a "rug burn" is an example of a(n) _____. |
abrasion (scrape)- scraped spot or area, larger area |
|
|
incision |
slender, straight, cut |
|
|
Stages of regeneration of skin following an injury |
Bleeding occurs at the site of injury; mast cells trigger an inflammatory response After several hours, a scab forms. -Cells of the stratum germinativum migrate along the edges of the wound. -Phagocytic cells (macrophages) remove debris Clotting around the edges of the wound partially isolate the region. One week after injury, scab is undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the meshwork produced by fibroblast -Phagocytic activity is over and the fibrin clot disintegrates |
|
|
protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response |
fibrin |
|
|
name of the new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process |
Granulation tissue |
|
|
cell that produces fibrous connective tissue like collagen |
fibroblast |
|
|
first-degree-burns |
destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn; appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters |
|
|
second-degreeburns |
second-degree- destroys superficial and deeper cells of epidermis; dermis may be affected; blisters very painful |
|
|
third-degree- burns |
third-degree- injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs; charred with no sensation |
|
|
____ are macrophages in the epidermis |
langerhan cells (immunologically active cells) |
|
|
if the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed ___ happens |
no hair grows |
|
|
sun tan results from |
exposure to UV rays, increased production of melanin |
|
|
most abundant cells in the epidermis |
karatinocytes |
|
|
a thickened are of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) _____. |
keloid |
|
|
the substance that give the skin its waterproofing ability is _____. |
keratin |
|
|
why would and elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person? |
skin repairs take longer, the epidermis is thinner, there are fewer macrophages in the skin, & the blood supply to the dermis is reduced. |
|
|
nerve fibers in the skin are associated with _____. |
smooth muscles, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, & hair follicles |
|
|
when smooth muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels contract, body heat is _____. |
conserved |
|
|
when a person becomes pale, what is the basis? |
the blood supply to the skin decreases |
|
|
drugs suspended in _____ or _____ can penetrate the dermis. |
oils; lipid-soluble carriers |
