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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Opsonization
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"To make tasty" - when there is adherence because complement proteins and or antibodies coat the outside of a foreign substance, making "handles" on which the phagocyte receptors can bind.
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How do NK cells kill?
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NK cells are no phagocytic. Their mode of killing, which involves direct contact and induces the taret cell to undergo apoptosis, uses the same killing mechanisms used by cytotoxic T cells. NK cells also secret potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response.
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What do cytokines do in the inflammatory response?
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a TLR triggers the release of chemicals caled cyokines that promote inflammation and attract WBCs to the scene.
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What do mast cells do in the inflammatory response?
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Release the potent inflammatory chemical, histamine.
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Leukocytosis
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Neutrophils enter blood from red bone marrow in response to chemicals called leukocytosis-inducing factors released by injured cells.
An increase in WBCs that is a characteristic of inflammation. First step to phagocytes mobilization |
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Margination
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The clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of the capillaries and postcapillary venules is called margination (look at photo)
second steph in phagocyte mobilization |
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Diapedesis
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Continued chemical signalling prompts the neutrophils to flatten and squeeze through the capillary walls to the site of problem
third step in phagocytes mobilization |
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Chemotaxis
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Inflammatory chemicals act as homing devices or more precisely chemotactic agents. Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.
fourth step in phagocyte mobilization |
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Histamine
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Inflammatory chemical
The source is granules of mast cells and basophiles. Released in response to mechanical injury, presence of certain microorganisms, and chemicals released by neutrophils. Their physiological effects promot vasodilation of local arterioles, increase permeability of local capillaries, promoting exudate formation. |
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kinins
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inflammatory chemical
Their source is a plasma protein, a kininogen which is cleaved by the enzyme kallikrein found in plasma, urine, saliva, and in lysosomes of neutrophils and other types of cells. Cleavage releases active kinin peptides. The physiological effects include same as histamines. Also induce chemotaxis of leukocytes and promt neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes, thereby enhancing generation of more kinins. Induces pain. |
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prostaglandins
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inflammatory chemical.
physiological effect is the same as for histamine. Also induce neutrophil chemotaxis. Induce pain. |
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PDGF
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inflammatory chemical. Secreted by platelets and endothelial cells. Their physiological effect stimulated fibroblast activity to repair damaged tissues.
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Interferons
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IFNs of infected cells are released to help protect cells that have no yet been infected. IFNs diffuse to nearby cells, where they stimulate synthesis of proteins which they interfere with viral replication in the still-healthy cells by blocking protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA.
Mobilize NK cells and activate macrophages Two types IFN beta and alpha, beta being secreted by fibroblasts. |
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complement
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a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
Provides a major mechanism for destroying foreign substance in the body. Unleashes chemical mediators that amplify virtually all aspects of the inflammatoy process. complements the effectiveness of both innate and adaptive defenses. |
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classical pathway of complement
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involved antibodies, water soluble protein molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off foreign invaders.
depends on the binding of antibodies to the invading organisms and the subsequent binding of C1 to the mircoorganism antibody complexes |
