The Essence Of Anthropology Ch. 10

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language

Back 1

A system of communication using sounds and /or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules

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signals

Back 2

Instinctive sounds or gestures that have a natural or self-evident meaning

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linguistics

Back 3

The sistematic study of all aspects of language

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phonetics

Back 4

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language

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phonology

Back 5

the study of language sounds

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phonemes

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The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language

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morphology

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The studay of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words)

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morphemes

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The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes, which can alter meaning, but have no meaning by themselves.

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syntax

Back 9

The patterns or rules for the formation of phrases and sentences in a language

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grammar

Back 10

the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax

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language family

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A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language

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linguistic divergence

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The development of different languages from a single ancestal language

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glottochronology

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In linguistics, a method for identifying the approzimate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor. It is based on analyzing core vocabularies

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core vocabularies

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The most basic and long-lastng words in any language- pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects

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linguistic nationalism

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The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms

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sociolinguistics

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The study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories influence the use and interpretation of disinctive styles of speech

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gendered speech

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Distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings

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dialects

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Varing forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

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ethnolinguistics

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a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually infuence and inform each other

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linguistic relativity

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the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone

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linguistic determinism

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The idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us; sometimes called the Sapir-Whorf hupothesis after its originators Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf

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gesture

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Faciial expressions and bodily postures and morions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages.

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kinesics

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a system of notating and analiyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages

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proxemics

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The cross-cultural study of human kind's perception and use of space

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paralanguage

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Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. Thes include vocaliztaions such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualitiess such as pitch and tempo

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tonal language

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A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.

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writing system

Back 27

A set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way.