The Endocrine System (Ch. 14)

Front 1

Ductless

Back 1

Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

Front 2

Compares the speed/effects of hormones and nerve impulses traveling

Back 2

Hormones travel much slower than nerve impulses, but their effects can be much broader

Front 3

What are the functions of the hypothalamus gland?

Back 3

-Regulate anterior pituitary hormones
-Regulates the internal environment of our body through the autonomic system
-Controls heartbeat, body temp., and water balance
-Will target all other glands "Master gland"

Front 4

Autonomic system

Back 4

-Involuntary
-Regulate cardiac and smooth muscle

Front 5

Where is the hypothalamus located? What major hormone? What type?

Back 5

-Located in the brain
-Hypothalamic
-Peptide

Front 6

Pituitary gland

Back 6

-Controlled by the hypothalamus' hormones
-All peptides
-Connected physically to the hypothalamus, above mid-brain

Front 7

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

Back 7

1. ADH
2. Oxytocin

Front 8

ADH

Back 8

Produced in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pituitary; when blood is too concentrated, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to release ADH
-Target kidneys to reabsorb water
-Positive feedback (stoping a normal process)

Front 9

Oxytocin

Back 9

-Produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary; when contractions or breast feeding occur, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary to release oxytocin
-Functions: muscular contraction
-Target uterus and breasts

Front 10

What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that effects other endocrine glands?

Back 10

FSH and LH

Front 11

FSH and LH

Back 11

-Stimulate the testes and ovaries to produce gametes and sex hormones
-Peptides

Front 12

What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that affects exocrine glands and specialized cells?

Back 12

GH

Front 13

GH

Back 13

Promotes skeletal and muscular growth
-Most is produced during childhood and adolescence

Front 14

dwarfism

Back 14

A result of too little GH

Front 15

Giantism

Back 15

A result of too much GH

Front 16

Acromegaly

Back 16

Caused by GH production in adults
-A thickening of the feet, hands, and facial bones

Front 17

Where are the thyroid and parathyroid glands located in the body? Type of hormones? Target?

Back 17

-Found in the neck (parathyroid is attatched)
-Peptide bond hormones
-Targets all tissues

Front 18

Describe the relationship between calcitonin and PTH

Back 18

When blood calcium levels rise, the thyroid secretes CALCITONIN (contains iodine)

When calcium levels in the blood are low, the parathyroid gland secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone)

(All maintaining homeostasis)

Front 19

What effect does calcitonin cause in the body?

Back 19

This causes calcium to be deposited in our bones; regulates growth/development

Front 20

What effect does PTH have on the body?

Back 20

Calcium is released from bone tissue and is absorbed by the kidneys; this also stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestine

Front 21

Malfunctions of the thyroid/parathyroid

Back 21

1. Goiter
2. Cretinism
3. Myxedema

Front 22

Goiter

Back 22

Lack of iodine/hormones - thyroid enlarges

Hyperthyroidism in adults results in the production of a goiter and protuding eyes (caused by edema) and the person is irritable, nervous, hyperactive, and cannot sleep

Front 23

Cretinism

Back 23

Thyroid.parathyroid gland doesn't function properly
Short stocky apperance

Front 24

Myxedema (symptoms)

Back 24

Weight gain, hair loss, slower pulse rate, puffy skin

Front 25

Where are the Adrenal glands located in the body? What types of hormones? Why are hormones secreted?

Back 25

-Found on top of kidneys
-Peptide and steroid hormones
-Secrete hormones when the body is stressed

Front 26

What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 26

epinephrine

Front 27

What two hormones do the adrenal cortex secrete? What type? Target?

Back 27

Cortisol & Aldosterone
Steroids
Stimulate reproductive organs

Front 28

What happens in both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla when hormones are secreted?

Back 28

An increase in heartrate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and muscle activity occurs

Front 29

Effects of cortisol

Back 29

Increases blood glucose level by breaking down muscle proteins into amino acids wich are converted into glucose and by increasing the metabolism of fat
Reduces inflammation b/c high levels of cortisol suppress the immune system **intercourse (wont fight off sperm)

Front 30

Effects of aldosterone

Back 30

Increase in blood volume and blood pressure b/c arteries are constricted and more sodium is reabsorbed in the kidneys

Front 31

Describe the relationship between renin and ANH

Back 31

When the kidneys detect low blood volume, they secrete RENIN which causes *aldosterone and *ADH to be released; the end result, more water is reabsorbed so blood volume increases

If blood volume gets too high, the atria of the heart secrete ANH which inhibits the secretion of aldosterone

Front 32

Addison's disease

Back 32

-results when adrenal glands do not secrete enough cortisol or aldosterone
-W/o cortisol, glucose is not replenished when a stressful situation arises so mild infections can lead to death
-W/o aldosterone, the kidneys excrete too much sodium and water so blood pressure drops and dehydration occurs

Front 33

Cushing syndrome

Back 33

-Occurs when the adrenal glands secrete too much cortisol and aldosterone
-High levels of cortisol encourages fat deposition in our midsection and the metabolism of proteins causing diabetes
-Excessive amounts of aldosterone increase the reabsorption of sodium and water which causes high blood pressure and edema of the face

Front 34

Where is the pancreas located? What type of feedback? What type of hormones?

Back 34

-Abdomen region
-Negative feedback
-Peptides

Front 35

Insulin

Back 35

Secreted when blood glucose levels are high
Stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle, and fat cells (decrease blood levels)

Front 36

Glucagon

Back 36

Secreted when blood glucose levels are low
-Stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen and the fat cells to breakdown glycerol into fatty acids which the liver use to produce glucose (increase blood levels)

Front 37

Type I diabetes

Back 37

the pancreas does not produce insulin anymore

Front 38

Type II diabetes

Back 38

the pancreas produces insulin, but the liver and muscle cells do not respond
-Prevention or control of type II diabetes is with a low-fat, low-sugar diet and excercise
-Complications include: blindness, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, and reduced circulation

Front 39

What type of hormones do the Gonads secrete?

Back 39

All steroids

Front 40

What do the testes produce and what is this responsible for?

Back 40

-Produce sperm and testosterone
-Responsible for secondary sex characteristics in men (beard, underarm and pubic hair, deepening of the voice, increased muscular strength)

Front 41

What do the ovaries produce and what is this responsible for?

Back 41

-Produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone
-Responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in women (underarm and pubic hair, increased fat deposition, wide pelvis, and development of breasts; plus control of the uterine cycle)

Front 42

Where is the thymus gland found? Type of hormones? Responsible for?

Back 42

-Found underneath sternum
-Peptide
-Responsible for maturing of T cells
-Size of the child to the adult

Front 43

Where is the pineal gland located? What type of hormone? Target?

Back 43

-Back of the head
-Peptide
-Targets the brain

Front 44

What does the pineal gland secrete? What effects does this have?

Back 44

Melatonin at night which makes us sleepy
-helps w/ maturation of some sex organs or general growth
-jet lag
-SAD effect/winter depression