The Digestive System

Front 1

What is called alimentary canal
is 30 foot long tube extending from mouth to anus

Back 1

Digestive System (GI tract)

Front 2

What organs are included in GI tract? (loss pe)

Back 2

large intestine
oral cavity
small intestine
stomach
pharynx
esophagus

Front 3

What are accessory organs of GI tract? (tlts pg)

Back 3

teeth
liver
tongue
salivary glands
pancrease
gallbladder

Front 4

Undigested food is technically never "in" the body so it is open to the?

Back 4

environment

Front 5

Most digestive organs are in what cavity?

Back 5

peritoneal cavity

Front 6

what organs are retorperitoneal or said to be outside the peritoneal cavity? (plpd)

Back 6

part of large intestine
pancreas
duodenum

Front 7

What is moist serous membrane that lines peritoneal cavity?

Also what is the name of outer and inner membrane?

Back 7

Peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum-outer membrane

Visceral peritoneum- inner membrane

Front 8

What suspends GI tract and forms serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach and intestines?

Back 8

Dorsal mesentery

Front 9

What forms lesser and greater omentum?

Back 9

Ventral mesentery

Front 10

What is a lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and is formed by ventral mesentery?

Back 10

omenta (lesser and greater omentum)

Front 11

Which omentum attaches stomach to liver?

Back 11

Lesser omentum

Front 12

which omentum covers small intestine like an apron?

Back 12

Greater omentum

Front 13

_____of small intestines holds many blood vessels
_____anchors colon on posterior body wall

Back 13

Mesentery
Mesocolon

Front 14

Functions of Digestive system
__-selective intake of food
__-breakdown of food into smaller mollecules
__-uptake of nutrients into blood or lymph
__-elimination of undigested material

Back 14

ingestion
digestion
absorption
defecation

Front 15

3 processes that help functions of Digestive system:
__-muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with digestive enzymes & move it along GI tract
__-of digestive enzymes & hormones
__-absorption of nutrients into the body for cells to utilize them

Back 15

Motility ~muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with digestive enzymes & move it along GI tract
Secretion ~of digestive enzymes & hormones
Membrane transport ~absorption of nutrients into body for cells to utilize them

Front 16

What are the two stages of digestion?

Back 16

Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion

Front 17

what is the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
-cutting & grinding teeth
-churning action of stomach & intestines

Back 17

Mechanical digestion

Front 18

This is hydrolysis reactions to break down foods we eat
-enzymes from saliva, stomach, liver, pancreas & intestines
-break macromolecules into their monomers

Back 18

Chemical digestion

Front 19

In chemical digestion:
polysaccharides broken into ___
proteins into ___
fats into __ and __ __
nucleic acids into __

Back 19

polysaccharides into monosaccharides
proteins into amino acids
fats into glycerol & fatty acids
nucleic acids into nucleotides

Front 20

Oral cavity and Buccal cavity refer to what body part?

Back 20

Mouth

Front 21

anterior opening of the mouth is?

Back 21

oral fissure (oril oriface?!?!in my notes)

Front 22

posterior opening to throat is?

Back 22

fauces

Front 23

these are important boundaries
-keep food btwn teeth for chewing
-essential for speech & suckling in infants

Back 23

cheeks and lips

Front 24

is sensitive, muscular manipulator of food
-papillae & taste buds on dorsal surface
-lingual glands secrete saliva, tonsils in root

Back 24

tongue

Front 25

these allow breathing & chewing at the same time

Back 25

Hard and soft palate

Front 26

teeth are collectively called
-Baby teeth (20) by 2 yrs
-Adults (32) btwn 6 & 25

Back 26

dentition

Front 27

is modified perosteum that anchors root of tooth into the bone

Back 27

periodontal ligament

Front 28

Cementum & Dentin are

Back 28

cementum and dentin are living tissue

Front 29

is a noncellular secretion formed during development
-makes up hard surface of the tooth above gum line

Back 29

Enamel

Front 30

Root Canal leads into __ __
-nerves & blood vessels are found there

Back 30

pulp cavity

Front 31

Gum aka
-living tissue that covers alveolar bone

Back 31

Gingiva

Front 32

What are the functions of the mouth? (mit's srd)

Back 32

Mastication
Ingestion
Taste
Starch (begins chm digestion of starch)
Speech
Respiration
Deglutition (act of swallowing)

Front 33

chewing
-breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed
-mixes more easily w/digestive enzyme

Back 33

Mastication

Front 34

swallowing (function of mouth)

Back 34

Deglutition

Front 35

What should be considered a "periodontal" tissue?

Back 35

Gingiva

Front 36

we produce how much saliva per day?

Back 36

1 to 1.5 L per day

Front 37

Saliva is a __ solutions of 99.5% water and solutes

Back 37

hypotonic

Front 38

what are the solutes of saliva?(mallie)

Back 38

mucus
amylase
lingual lipase
lysozome
IgA
electrolytes

Front 39

saliva solute that aids swalloing by lubricating & binding food (aids in deglutition)

Back 39

mucus

Front 40

saliva solute that begins starch digestion

Back 40

amylase

Front 41

saliva solute that digests fat after it reaches the stomach
-must be activated by HCl in stomach

Back 41

lingual lipase

Front 42

saliva solute that is an enzyme that kills bacteria

Back 42

lysozyme

Front 43

Saliva solute that are antibodies to inhibit bacterial growth

Back 43

IgA

Front 44

saliva solute that contains Na+, K+, Cl-, phosphate & bicarbonate

Back 44

electrolytes

Front 45

Saliva has a pH of __ to __

Back 45

6.8 to 7.0 is saliva's pH

Front 46

These are functions of what:
-moistens mouth
-partially digest starches using what (is a solute)
-inhibits bacterial growth
dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds
-moistens food
-aids swallowing by binding food together into___(the mass of food we swallow)

Back 46

Functions of Saliva
-
-Partially digests starch using salivary amylase
-
-
-
-aids swallowing by binding food together into bolus

Front 47

What are the two kinds of salivary glands?

Back 47

Intrinsic and extrinsic salivary glands

Front 48

An indefinite number of What is dispersed throughout oral tissue?

What are the 3 oral tissues?

Back 48

Intrinsic Salivary Glands are dispersed in:
-Buccal-cheeks
-Labial-lips
-lingual-tongue

Front 49

Which salivary gland:
- secretes continuously at a constant rate
- contains lysozymes (kills bacteria) & lingual lipase (digests fats only in stomach)

Back 49

Intrinsic Salivary Gland

Front 50

True or False
~Fat digestion begins in the mouth?

Back 50

FALSE
~there's an enzyme in the saliva, but it doesn't get activated until it reaches the stomach

Front 51

What 3 pairs of extrinsic salivary glands are connected to oral cavity by ducts? (pss)

Back 51

Parotid glands
Submandibular gland (below mandble)
Sublingual gland (below tongue)

Front 52

In extrinsic glands
- mucus glands secrete ___
- serous glands secrete __&__

Back 52

- mucus glands secrete Mucus
- serous glands secrete Amylase & Electrolytes

Front 53

in the Pharynx the ___ is lined with skeletal muscle
- Longitudinal & circular

Back 53

Throat

Front 54

the Pharynx has 3 constrictors or bands of muscle that-
- force food downward while swallowing

Back 54

3 constrictors are: Superior, middle & inferior

Front 55

Which constrictor remains constricted when food is NOT being swallowed
--excludes air from the esophagus

Back 55

Inferior Constrictor

Front 56

what are the tissues of the GI tract? (ms.ma)

Back 56

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia (serosa)

Front 57

-Mucosa has what kind of tissue that lines gastric pits?
-underneath the tissue is a loose CT filled w/tubular glands (gastric pits) called?
-what is the thin layer of smooth muscle?

Back 57

- simple columnar grandular epithelium tissue
-lamina propria-loose CT underneath epithelium tissue
-Muscularis mucosae is the thin layer of smooth muscle

Front 58

what is below the mucosa?

Back 58

submucosa

Front 59

the Muscularis externa has
- inner ____ layer
- middel ____layer
- outer_____ layer

Back 59

- inner oblique/circular layer
- middle circular layer
- outer longitudinal layer

Front 60

is the outermost tissue layer of GI tract
-areolar tissue or mesothelium

Back 60

Adventitia of Serosa

Front 61

-Dorsal to trachea
-straight muscular tube 25-30 cm long
-extends from pharynx to ___ ___
-runs through mediastinum (btwn lungs) of thoracic cavity

Back 61

Esophagus

extends from pharynx to cardiac stomach

Front 62

The skeletal muscle (voluntary control) is in what part of esophagus?

Back 62

upper part

Front 63

The smooth muscle (involuntary control) is in what part of esophagus?

Back 63

bottom part

Front 64

The esophagus passes through ____ ____ in the diaphragm?
-opening in the diaphragm

Back 64

Esophageal hiatus

Front 65

Lower esophageal sphincter closes orifice to reflux to prevent?

Back 65

to prevent things from backing back up from the stomach

Front 66

the esophagus enters the stomach at the?

Back 66

cardiac orifice

Front 67

Series of muscular contractions coordinated by swallowing center in ____ & ____

Back 67

medulla & pons

Front 68

in this phase, the tongue collects food & pushes it back into oropharynx

Back 68

Buccal phase

Front 69

in this phase
-soft palate rises & blocks nasopharynx (so food goes down not up)

Back 69

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Front 70

in the Pharangeal-esophageal phase what muscles lift larynx & epiglottis is folded back?

Back 70

infrahyoid muscles

Front 71

what constrictors push bolus down esophagus?
- liquids reach stomach in _ secs
- food bolus may take _ secs

Back 71

Pharyngeal constrictors
-liquids take 2 secs
-food bolus takes 8 secs

Front 72

This organ is a muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity
-below the diaphragm
-J-shaped organ w/lesser & greater curvatures

Back 72

Stomach

Front 73

the stomach has wrinkles that help it to expand called?

Back 73

Rugae

Front 74

- The stomach has _ ml when empty
- __to__ L after typical meal

Back 74

- 50 ml when empty
- 1 to 1.5 L after meal

Front 75

at maximum the stomach can fill of __ L

Back 75

Maximum of 4 L

Front 76

when extremely full the stomach will extend into the ___?

Back 76

Pelvis

Front 77

Functions of stomach:
-How does the stomach break up food?
-Stomach does what to the food-resulting soupy mixture called?
-begins ___ ___ of protein & fat

Back 77

-Mechanically
-Liquifies food resulting in Chyme
-chemical digestion

Front 78

The stomach does not absorb any significant amount of nutrients--it does absorb ___ & some___ ___

Back 78

stomach absorbs aspirin & some liquid-soluble drugs

Front 79

all blood drained from stomach is filtered through what organ before returning to the heart?

Back 79

liver

Front 80

What are the 4 regions of the stomach? cbfpp

Back 80

-cardiac region
-body
-fundus
-pyloric
-pyloris

Front 81

region of stomach just inside cardiac orifice

Back 81

cardiac region

Front 82

main portion of organ--also called the gastric region

Back 82

body

Front 83

domed portion of the stomach superior to esophageal opening

Back 83

fundus

Front 84

narrow inferior end of stomach that end at pyloris.
---antrum-funnel that becomes more narrow at --____canal--terminates pyloris

Back 84

Pyloric region

pyloric canal-terminates pyloris

Front 85

is opening to the duodenum from the stomach.

Back 85

Pylorus

Front 86

in the Pylosus there is a thick ring of smooth muscle that forms a ____ ____--this can contract to keep food in or chyme in the stomach

Back 86

Pyloric sphincter

Front 87

Gross Anatomy of Stomach:
- bulge of ___
- narrowing of ___ region
- thickness of ___ ___
- ____ & ____ curvatures

Back 87

- bulge of fundus
- narrowing of pyloric region
- thickness of pyloric sphincter
- greater & lesser curvatures

Front 88

What are the cells of the Gastric Glands? (cpr me)

Back 88

-chief cells
-parietal cells
-regenerative cells
-mucous cells
enteronendocrine (G) cells

Front 89

these cells
-secrete the enzyme renin (chymosin) & lipase in infancy
-secrete inactive digestive enzyme pepsinogen throughout life

Back 89

Chief cells

Front 90

these cells secrete HCl acid & intrinsic factor

Back 90

Parietal Cells

Front 91

these cells divide rapidly to produce new cells that migrate upwards towards surface. (they replace epithelium cells of stomach that are damaged or die)

Back 91

Regenerative cells

Front 92

these cells produce mucus

Back 92

Mucous cells

Front 93

these cells secrete hormones & paracrine messengers (to neighboring cells, regulating some action of stomach)

Back 93

Enteroendocrine (G) cells

Front 94

The gastric secretes _ to _ L of gastric juice per day
--mostly H2O, HCl & pepsin

Back 94

2 to 3 L

Front 95

What stomach acid has pH as low as 0.8 (less that 1 on a scale of 1-14)

Back 95

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Front 96

HCl activates what 2 enzymes?

Back 96

pepsin & lingual lipase

Front 97

What breaks up CT & plant cell walls?

Back 97

HCl

Front 98

HCl liquifies food to become what?

Back 98

Chyme

Front 99

HCl converts ___ to usable forms:
--ingested ferric ions (Fe+3) to ferrous ions (Fe+2) that can be absorbed & utilized for hemoglobin synthesis

Back 99

Iron

Front 100

What destroys ingested bacteria & pathogens in our stomach?

Back 100

HCl

Front 101

This is:
-partially digests proteins
-secreted by chief cells as pepsinogen

Back 101

Pepsin

Front 102

Pepsinogen is a ?
--these are inactive proteins that must have some amino acids removed in order to convert to the active form

Back 102

Zymogen

Front 103

Amino acids from pepsinogen are removed by HCl.

Pepsinogen + HCl = ____

Back 103

Pepsin

Front 104

What is this process--> since pepsin digest protein, once activated it can act upon pepsinogen to produce more pepsin.

Back 104

Autocatalytic process

Front 105

Intrinsic factor is secreted by what cells?
--less secretion w/aging

Back 105

parietal cells

Front 106

Intrinsic factor is essential for absorption of Vit-B12 by which organ?

Back 106

small intestine

Front 107

Vit-B12 is necessary for RBC production in Intrinsic factor.
---deficiency of Vit-B12 results in?

Back 107

Pernicious anemia

Front 108

this lipase digests butterfat or milk in infants

Back 108

Gastric Lipase

Front 109

this enzyme curdles milk by coagulating its proteins

Back 109

Chymosin (rennin)

Front 110

The gastric & pyloric glands have various kinds of enteroendoncrine cells collectively produce as many as __ chemical messengers that travel in bloodstream & stimulate distant target cells? (most of these are hormones)

Back 110

20+ chemical messengers

Front 111

Which chm messenger
-stimulates HCl & enzyme secretions
-stimulates intestinal motility
-relaxes iliocecal valve

Back 111

Gastrin

Front 112

Which chm messenger stimulates gastric motility?

Back 112

Seratonin

Front 113

which chm messenger stimulates HCl secretion

Back 113

Histamine

Front 114

which chm messenger:
-inhibits gastric secretions & motility
-inhibits pancreatic & gallbladder secretions

Back 114

Somatostatin

Front 115

You begin to swallow--swallowing center of medulla oblongata sends impulses to stomach to relax--food arrives--activates a receptive (relaxation response)
---resists stretching briefly, but relaxes to hold more food.

Back 115

Gastric Motility

Front 116

What contraction begins in Gastric motility?
--controlled by pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer of muscularis externa
--gental ripple of contraction every 20 secs churns & mixes food w/gastric juice
--stronger as reaches pyloric region squirting out 3mL of chyme

Back 116

Peristaltic contractions

Front 117

In gastric secretion 3mL of what enters the duodenum of small intestine at one time?

Back 117

chyme

Front 118

typical meal is emptied from stomach in how many hours?
---liquid meal is emptied much sooner

Back 118

4 hours

Front 119

a meal high in fat leaves the stomach on about how many hours?

Back 119

~6 hours

Front 120

Vomiting is induced by what 3 things?

Back 120

-excessive stretching of stomach(too much food enters)
-psychological stimuli(impact on brain like smell)
-chm irritants(bacterial toxins ex:alcohol)

Front 121

what in the medulla causes lower esophageal sphincter to relax as diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract?
--contents are forced up the esophagus
--violent vomiting may even expel contents of small intestine

Back 121

Emetic Center

Front 122

What are the 3 protections of the stomach? (met)

Back 122

Mucous coat
Epithelial cell replacement
Tight junctions

Front 123

In the protection of the stomach, is the mucous coat alkaline or acidosis?

Back 123

Mucous coat--alkaline

Front 124

Epithelial cell replacement is the fastest replacement of cell in the body
--cell live just _ to _ days

Back 124

3 to 6 days

Front 125

What prevents gastric juces from seeping btwn epithelium cells?

Back 125

Tight Junctions

Front 126

In Peptic Ulcers
--__ & ___ erode stomach wall?

Back 126

HCl & pepsin

Front 127

Other than the stomach wall, where else can peptic ulcers occur?

Back 127

Duodenum & esophagus

Front 128

Peptic ulcers can sometimes be caused by what 2 things? (as)

Back 128

aspirin & smoking

Front 129

How can you treat peptic ulcers?

Back 129

reduce acidity (HCl)

Front 130

Now people know many ulcers are caused by what?

Back 130

bacteria

Front 131

This bacteria causes ulcers.
-acid-resistant bacterium that invades the mucous
--treatment is antibiotics

Back 131

Helicobacter pylori

Front 132

With antibiotics getting rid of Helicobacter pylori, there are fewer cases of __ & __ and an increase in __ & __?

Back 132

Fewer cases of:
-stomach cancer
-ulcers
Increase in:
-esophageal cancer
-esophageal reflux

Front 133

The Regulation of Gastric Function has 3 phases, what are they? (cig)

Back 133

Cephalic phase
Intestinal phase
Gastric phase

Front 134

In this phase the stomach is being controlled by the brain.

Back 134

Cephalic phase

Front 135

sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can trigger this phase.

Back 135

cephalic phase

Front 136

In the Cephalic phase:
-Hypothalamus sends signals to __
-___sends signals to vagus nerves
-Vagus nerves stimulates ___ ___ ___ of the stomach
-___ nerves stimulate gastric secretions prior to swallowing

Back 136

-medulla
-medulla
-enteric nervous system
-Enteric nerves

Front 137

In this phase the stomach controls itself
-stretches as food arrives

Back 137

Gastric phase

Front 138

which phase is activated by the presence of food or semidigested protein
-and secretion is stimulated by acetycholine, histamine, & gastrin

Back 138

Gastric phase

Front 139

In this phase duodenum regulates gastric activity through hormones & nervous reflexes.

Back 139

Intestinal Phase

Front 140

In the intestinal phase, does gastric activity (increase or decrease) if duodenum is stretched or amino acids in chyme cause gastrin release?

Back 140

Increase

Front 141

what is it called when the duodenum inhibits the stomach?

Back 141

Enterogastric reflux

Front 142

What gastric liquid stimulates ____ cells to release
--secretin
--cholecytokinin (CCK)
--gastric inhibitory peptide

All three suppress ____ secretions & ___

Back 142

Chyme stimulates duodenal cells

all 3 suppress gastric secretions & motility

Front 143

The liver is _ lb organ located inferior to diaphragm on rt side of body.

Back 143

3 lbs

Front 144

Name the four lobes of the liver

Back 144

right
left
quadrate
caudate

Front 145

What ligament separates left & right liver?

Back 145

falciform ligament

Front 146

what ligament in the liver is remnant of an umbilical vein?

Back 146

round ligament

Front 147

Tiny cylinders (2mm by 1mm) in the liver are called?

Back 147

hepatic lobules

Front 148

What of the liver is surrounded by sheets of hepatic cells separated by sinusoids lined w/fenestrated epithelium

Back 148

Central vein

Front 149

Blood in the liver is filtered by what on its way to the central vein?
--nutrients, toxins,
bile pigments, drugs, bacteria & debris is filtered in the liver

Back 149

hepatocytes

Front 150

What are the 3 structures of the hepatic triad that are found in the corner btwn lobules?

Back 150

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

Front 151

the two structures of the hepatic triad that bring blood to the liver are?

Back 151

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery

Front 152

this structure of the hepatic triad collects bile from bile canaliculi btwn sheets of hepatocytes to be secreted from liver in hepatic ducts.

Back 152

bile duct

Front 153

The liver filters blood and removes what?

Back 153

glucose
amino acids
iron
vitamins
hormones
toxins
bile pigments
drugs

Front 154

What does the liver secrete into blood?

Back 154

albumin (maintains water balance)
lipoproteins
clotting factors
anginotensinogen (lowers Bp)
other proteins

Front 155

what does the liver break down?

Back 155

stored glycogen (stored glucose)

Front 156

what does the liver produce and secrete?

Back 156

bile

Front 157

Pathway of Bile:
-bile is secreted into __ ___
-bile ductules empty bile into rt&lft __ __ that join outside the liver
-form common hepatic duct
-joins ___ from gallbladder
-forms ___ ___ ____
-joins _____ duct
-forms hepatopancreatic ampulla
-empties into duodenum at major duodenal papilla

Back 157

-bile secreted into bile canaliculi
-rt&lft hepatic ducts
-form common hepatic duct
-joins cystic from gallbladder
-forms common bile duct
-joins pancreas duct
-forms hepatopancreatic ampulla
-empties into duodenum at major duodenal papilla

Front 158

what regulates release of bile & pancreatic juice?

Back 158

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Front 159

what adheres to ventral surface of the liver btwn the right & quadrate lobes--sac on the underside of liver?
--~10 cm long

Back 159

Gallbladder

Front 160

The gallbladders primary purpose is to store ___?
--releases this in response to lipids in the duodenum

Back 160

Stores bile

Front 161

the gallbladder ___bile
--bile backs up into the gallbladder from a filled bile duct
--btwn meals, bile is _____by a factor of 20
----absorbs water & electrolytes

Back 161

Concetrates bile

btwn meals bile is concentrated

Front 162

what is the
-yellow-green fluid secreted by liver
-how much of it is secreted daily
-serves on the digestion of fats

Back 162

Bile
0.5 to 1 L secreted daily

Front 163

What contains minerals, bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments & phospholipids?

Back 163

Bile

Front 164

what is a main pigment from hemoglobin breakdown?
--metabolized by intestinal bacteria -> urobilinogen

Back 164

Bilirubin

Front 165

What is produced by bilirubin that is the brown color of feces?

Back 165

urobilinogen

Front 166

What emulsifies fats, and
is synthesized from cholesterol?

Back 166

bile acids (salts)

Front 167

-Bile salts are more reabsorbed in what and recycled?
-some are modified in large intestine

Back 167

small intestine

Front 168

-bile acids become promoters of what cancer?
-less fat in diet = less bile release

Back 168

colon cancer

Front 169

-Western diet is __ fat & ___ fiber content.
-associated with colon caner?
----high incidence in US, Germany, Austria, Sweden
----studies show that Asian men in US eating high fat/low fiber diet have colon cancer incidence comparable to Caucasian men

Back 169

High fat & Low fiber content

Front 170

What binds bile acids?
--less fat absorbed
--bile acids in large intestine are unavailable for modification
--low colon cancer rate in Finland despite a high fat diet b/c Finish eat lots of ?

Back 170

Fiber

brown bread

Front 171

-These are composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, bilirubin
-up to 1 cm in diameter (bile duct is less that 1 cm)
-cause great pain
-block bile flow

Back 171

Gall Stones (Biliary calculi)

Front 172

Block flow in bile duct b/c of gall stones can lead to
--
--poor fat digestion
--impaired fat-soluble vitamin absorption (ex: vit E)

Back 172

Jaundice

Front 173

Treatments of Gall Stones are:

Back 173

-Surgical removal,stone-dissolving drugs, lithotripsy, and
-Stent-tube in bile duct that increases diameter thus allowing small stones to pass

Front 174

this organ is
-retroperitoneal gland posterior to stomach
----head, body, & tail

Back 174

Pancreas

Front 175

what 2 glands
-secrete insulin & glucagon into the blood
-secrete 1500 mL pancreatic juice/day into duodenum

Back 175

Endocrine and exocrine glands

Front 176

water, enzymes, zymogens, electrolytes & sodium bicarbonate are part of what organ juice?
--what pancreatic enzyme is inactive until converted by other enzymes?
--other pancreatic enzymes are activated by exposure to bile & ions in the intestines.

Back 176

Pancreatic juice

--zymogens

Front 177

what duct runs length of gland to open at hepatopancreatic sphincter?
--what duct opens independently on duodenum?

Back 177

Pancreatic duct

--accessory duct

Front 178

Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Zymogens= ______
-releases;
--Trypsinogen becomes ___
--chymotrypsinogen becomes ___
--procarboxypeptidase becomes __

Back 178

Zymogens = proteases
-Trypsinogen -> trypsin
-Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
-procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase

Front 179

-Pancreatic amylase digest ___
-Pancreatic lipase digest ___
-Ribonuclease digest ___
-Deoxyribonuclease digest ___

Back 179

-starch
-fats
-RNA
-DNA

Front 180

This is the activation of what enzyme?
-Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by intestinal epithelium
-Trypsin converts other 2 as well as digests dietary ____

Back 180

Activation of Zymogens

dietary proteins

Front 181

______ is released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid & fat
--causes contraction of __
--secretion of ___ enzyme
--relaxes ___ sphincter

Back 181

Cholecystokinin
--gallbladder
--pancreatic enzymes
--hepatopancreatic

Front 182

____ is released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme
--stimulates all ducts to secrete sodium bicarbonate

Back 182

Secretin

Front 183

_____ is secreted from stomach & duodenum
--weakly stimulate gallbladder contraction & pancreatic enzyme secretion

Back 183

Gastrin

Front 184

This organ has the most chm digestion & nutrient absorption
-6-7 m long in cadaver
-2 m long in live person due to muscle tone
-highly folded
-villi & microvilli increases surface area

Back 184

Small intestine

Front 185

What is the three regions of the small intestine?

Back 185

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

Front 186

This part of the small intestine curves around the head of pancreas
-retroperitoneal along w/pancreas (~10 in)
-receives stomach contents , pancreatic juices & bile
-neutralizes stomach acids
-emulsifies fats
-inactivates pepsin by pH increase
-pancreatic enzyme is present

Back 186

Duodenum

Front 187

This part of small intestine is the next 8 ft (upper abdomen)
--absorption of ____

Back 187

Jejunum

--absorption of nutrients

Front 188

This part of small intestine is the last 12 ft (in lower abdomen)
--ends at ileocecal junction with large intestine

Back 188

Ileum

Front 189

What is found in the mucosa & submucosa of the small intestine?
--__ flows in spiral path causing more contact btwn food & walls of intestine.
--It also slows chyme for maximum ___ & ____

Back 189

Circular folds in small intestine
--chyme
--digestion & absorption

Front 190

What are the finger-like projections in the small intestine?
--1 mm tall
--contains blood vessels & lymphatic (lacteal)
-----_____ absorption

Back 190

Villi -finger-like projection
-----Nutrient absorption

Front 191

In the small intestine ___ is 1 micron tall
--brush boarder on cells to increase __ __ of small intestine
-- contains brush boarder enzymes that carry out some of the final stages of digestion

Back 191

Microvilli
--increase surface area

Front 192

Pores opening btwn villi lead to ___ ____?
--consist of absorptive cells, goblet cells, & at base, rapidly dividing cells

Back 192

Intestinal crypts

Front 193

Absorptive cells, goblet cells & rapidly dividing cells of the Intestinal crypts last __-__ days as they migrate up to surface& get sloughed off & digested

Back 193

3-6 days

Front 194

what cell of the Intestinal crypts has an unknown function?

Back 194

Paneth Cells

Front 195

(duodenal) Brunner's glands in the submucosa secretes ____ mucus.
--neutralizes stomach acid
--shields mucosa from its erosive effects .

Back 195

Bicarbonate

Front 196

the small intestine has as alkaline pH because Bicarbonate ions are secreted from the what 2 ducts?

Back 196

Pancreatic and Bile ducts

Front 197

In the small intestine/submucosa what are the populations of lymphocytes to fight pathogens?

Back 197

Peyer patches

Front 198

Intestinal Crypts secrete __-__ L of intestinal juice/day
--mostly water & some mucus,
pH __-__(alkaline)

Back 198

1-2 L
--pH 7.4-7.8

Front 199

Intestinal motility in small intestine does 3 things:
--mixes __ w-intestinal juice, bile juice & pancreatic juice
--churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for ___ & __
--Moves residue towards __ __

Back 199

--mixes chyme
--absorption & digestion
--large intestine

Front 200

The purpose of ___ is to mix & churn not to move material along as in peristalsis.

Back 200

segmentation

Front 201

What is random ringlike constrictions that mix & churn contents in small intestine?
--contractions are ~12 times per min in duodenum.

Back 201

Segmentation

Front 202

Since contractions are less frequent distally, segmentation causes (slow or fast?) progression of chyme toward the colon?

Back 202

slow progression

Front 203

What begins in the duodenum, with each wave moving further down?
--these waves are suppressed by refilling of stomach

Back 203

Peristaltic Wave

Front 204

What causes gastroileal reflex?
--relaxing of valve & filling of cecum

Back 204

Food in the stomach

Front 205

-what is the gradual movement of contents toward the colon?
-what controls the waves of contraction?
---second wave begins (distal or proximal?) to where first wave began?

Back 205

-Peristalis
-Migrating motor complex
---distal

Front 206

What stops working (digesting) in 4.5 pH acidic stomach?
---50% of dietary ___ is digested before it reaches small intestine

Back 206

Salivary amylase
---dietary starch

Front 207

what completes first step digestion of starch within 10 min?

Back 207

Pancreatic amylase

Front 208

What acts upon or hydrolyzes oligosaccharides?

Back 208

Brush Border Enzymes

Front 209

What are the 4 oligosaccarides the Brush Border Enzymes hydrolyze?

Back 209

-Maltose
-Sucrose
-Lactose
-Fructose

Front 210

____ is indigestible after age 4 in most humans due to lack of ___

Back 210

Lactose is indigestible after age 4 due to lack of Lactase

Front 211

After Brush border enzymes release monosaccharides, what in plasma membrane helps absorb glucose & galactose?

Back 211

Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT)

Front 212

Fructose is absorbed by what, then converted to glucose inside the cell?

Back 212

facilitated diffusion

Front 213

Pepsin has optimal pH of __to__
--inactivated when passes onto dodenum & mixes with alkaline pancreatic juice juice (pH_)

Back 213

Pepsin optimal pH 1.5-3.5
--pancreatic juice pH 8

Front 214

What enzymes take over protein digestion by hydrolyzing polypeptides into even shorter oligopeptides?

Back 214

Pancreatic enzymes

Front 215

What finishes the task of digesting proteins by producing amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells.
--what moves into epithelial cells?
--what moves amino acids out int bloodstream?

Back 215

Brush Border enzymes
-amino acid cotransporters
-faciliated diffusion

Front 216

Infants absorb proteins by ____ (maternal IgA enters blood)

Back 216

Pinocytosis

Front 217

Most fat digestion occurs where and through the action of what?

Back 217

-Occurs in small intestine
-through actions of pancreatic lipase

Front 218

What droplets brake up fats by certain component of bile-lecithin & bile acid?
--these have ____ regions attracted to surface of fat globule
--& ____ regions attracted to surrounding water

Back 218

emulsification droplets
-hydrophobic
-hydrophilic

Front 219

What hydrolyzes DNA & RNA into nucleotides?
--What enzymes split them into phosphate ions, ribose or deoxyribose sugar & nitrogenous bases

Back 219

Nucleases
--Brush border enzymes

Front 220

What are absorbed unchanged?
-A, D, E, & K water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with other lipids.
-B complex & C are absorbed by what?
-B12 is absorbed only if it binds to what?

Back 220

Vitamins
-B and C absorbed by simple diffuson
-B12 absorbed if binds to intrinsic factor

Front 221

Minerals are absorbed all along what organ?
-__ is cotransported with sugars & amino acids
-__ is exchanged for bicarbonate reversing stomach
-__ & __ absorbed as needed

Back 221

Small intestine
-Na+
-Cl-
-Iron & calcium

Front 222

The digestive tract receives ~ _ L of water/day?
- .7 L in food, 1.6 L in drink, 6.7 L in secretions are made by GI tract

Back 222

9 L

Front 223

Water is absorbed by ___ following the absorption of salts & organic nutrients

Back 223

osmosis

Front 224

What occurs when too little water is absorbed?
--feces pass through too quickly if irritated
--feces contains high concentration of a what solute?

Back 224

Diarrhea
--solute (lactose)

Front 225

What organ is 5 ft long & 2.5 in in diameter in cadaver?
-called "__" because of diameter, not length

Back 225

Large Intestine
-"large"

Front 226

The large intestine forms pouches due to strips of longitudinal muscle contracting colon lengthwise called?

Back 226

Haustra (pleural) or Haustrum (singular)

Front 227

The large intestine begins as ____. And attached to the lower end of this is the appendix

Back 227

Cecum

Front 228

After the descending colon, what is leading down into pelvis?

Back 228

sigmoid colon

Front 229

In the large intestine what has 3 folds/valve that allows retention of feces while passing gas?

Back 229

Rectum

Front 230

After the rectum, what is 3 cm and leads to the anus (opening)?

Back 230

anal canal

Front 231

___ columns are longitudinal ridges separated by mucus secreting anal sinuses?

Back 231

Anal columns

Front 232

In the anal canal ____ are permanently distended veins?

Back 232

Hemorrhoids

Front 233

What is a large pouch located inferior to iliocecal junction?

Back 233

Cecum

Front 234

what is located at the lower end of the cecum?

Back 234

Appendix

Front 235

The appendix
-is rich in what to collect pathogens?
-may become infected
-if swells too much it can ____ (burst), causes life threatening infection in what cavity.

Back 235

-rich in lymphocytes
-perforate (burst)
-life threatening in peritoneal cavity

Front 236

Bacterial flora populate what organ?
-__ dictates what type of bacteria thrive.
-ferments __ & other undigested carbohydrates
-synthesizes vitamins __ & __
------humans don't get enough from diet alone

Back 236

large intestine
-diet
-cellulose
-vitamins B & K

Front 237

A product of bacterial flora is intestinal gas called?

Back 237

Flatus/Flatulence

Front 238

The average person produces how many mL of gas per day?
-most is swallowed air
-contain methane, hydrogen sulfide
--and ___ & ___ produce the odor?

Back 238

500 mL
indole & skatole produce ordor

Front 239

How long does it take for the large intestine to reduce the residue of meal to feces?
--reabsorbs water & electrolytes

Back 239

12 to 24 hours

Front 240

Feces consists of what 2 things?
-bacteria, mucus, undigested fiber, fat & sloughed epithelium cells

Back 240

feces consists of water & solids

Front 241

Haustral contractions (most common colonic motility) occur every __minutes
--distention of haustrum stimulates feces it to contract

Back 241

30 minutes

Front 242

What are stronger contractions that occur 1 to 3 times a day
--triggered by what 2 reflexes?
-----in which filling the stomach & duodenum stimulates ____?
-----which moves residue for several centimeters with each contraction

Back 242

Mass Movements
--gartrocolic & duodenocolic reflexes
-----motility

Front 243

Stretching of the rectum stimulates what?

Back 243

Defecation

Front 244

Intrinsic defecation reflex operates within what?
--causes ___ to contract and ____ ____ to relax
----this reflex has relatively weak contractions
--defecation occurs only if what is voluntarily relaxed?

Back 244

operates within Myenteric plexus
--muscularis -contract; internal sphincter-relax
--external anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed

Front 245

Parasympathetic defecation reflex involves what?
-stretching of rectum sends sensory signals to spinal cord.
-___ nerves signals intensifying peristalsis

Back 245

Spinal cord
-splanchnic nerves

Front 246

What contractions increase abdominal pressure as levator ani lifts anal canal upwards?
--feces will fall away

Back 246

Abdominal contractions

Front 247

Neural Control of Defecation
(turn card over)

Back 247

1) filling of the rectum
2) reflex contraction of rectum & relaxation of internal anal sphincter
3) Voluntary relaxation of external sphincter

Front 248

what is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in the US for both sexes?

Back 248

Colon Cancer

Front 249

Colon cancer always begins as a what?

Back 249

benign polyp

Front 250

1st colonoscopy is recommended at what age
--earlier is there is a family history
--some are genetically predisposed to certain types of cancer
--majority of cases are caused by environmental factors. (more fiber=less fat)

Back 250

50 years old

Front 251

which is not an enzyme?
A)amylase
B)pensin
C)chymosin
D)gastric lipase
E)secretin

Back 251

Secretin

Front 252

Which would not be a complication of hepatic cirrhosis?
A) Jaundice
B) low blood osmolarity
C) impaired protein digestion
D) impaired portien synthesis
E) Impaired blood clotting

Back 252

C) Impaired protein digestion

Front 253

If you have gallbladder removed, you will no longer be able to digest fats (true of False)?

Back 253

False

Front 254

The small intestine has an alkaline pH because

Back 254

Bicarbonate ions are secreted from the pancreatic & bile ducts

Front 255

Removal if which of the following would have the most sever effect on the body?
A) Gallbladder
B) Stomach
C) Teeth
D) Jejunum
E) Appendix

Back 255

D) Jejunum