Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the two sphincters around stomach |
Cardiac sphincter- prevent things from going up esophagus/control entrance Pyloric sphincter- control food leaving stomach |
|
|
Purpose and 4 functions of digestive system |
Physically and chemically simplify food to make it more soluble for use by cells Ingest, digest, and absorb food, then eliminate undigested remains |
|
|
Digestion in mouth |
Mechanical: chew food Chemical: salivary amylase (enzyme) breaks down STARCH into maltose |
|
|
Saliva contents |
Water- moisture Mucus- lubricant HCO3- keeps pH neutral Salivary amylase- enzyme |
|
|
Name of food as it moves through digestive tract |
Bolus, acidic chyme, chyme, feces |
|
|
Where does peristalsis occur |
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
|
|
Role of epiglottis |
Covers trachea so food doesn’t go down esophagus instead of trachea |
|
|
3 functions of stomach and related physical structures |
Mechanical digestion: smooth muscle helps peristalsis Chemical digestion - folded interior for large s.a allowing for more gastric glands, lined with gastric glands (produce gastrin, mucus, HCl, pepsinogen) Food storage: sphincter muscles, expansion of stomach |
|
|
Gastric juice contents |
Mucus- protect lining from HCl HCl- kills microbes, exposes peptide bonds in protein, activates pepsinogen to pepsin Pepsinogen- inactive enzyme which converts to pepsin |
|
|
What is chemical digested in the stomach |
Protein -> peptide fragments (by enzyme pepsin) |
|
|
Pancreas endocrine vs exocrine function |
Exocrine- secretes digestive juices into small intestine Endocrine- secretes insulin and glucagon into bloodstream |
|
|
Pancreas negative feedback loop |
After eating, blood sugar increases, pancreas releases insulin telling liver to store glucose as glycogen and rest is used by body. Returns to homeostasis. When blood sugar is low, pancreas secretes glucagon telling liver to release glucose and blood sugar goes back to homeostasis |
|
|
Function of gallbladder |
Stores bile and releases into duodenum of small intenstine |
|
|
Mechanical and chemical digestion in small intestine |
Mechanical- peristalsis Chemical- bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice |
|
|
Function of bile |
Emulsifies fat to prevent small droplets from rejoining to form a large glob. Increases surface area and makes digestion by lipase more efficient. Not an enzyme. |
|
|
Pancreatic juice contents |
NaHCO3- neutralizes HCl in chyme and makes it basic Pancreatic amylase: starch -> maltose Trypsin: protein -> peptide fragments Lipase: fat -> glycerol/fatty acids Pancreatic nucleases: DNA,RNA -> Nucleotides |
|
|
Intestinal juice contents |
Peptidase: protein fragments -> amino acids Maltase: maltose -> glucose Intestinal nuclease: nucleotides -> monosacharrides/bases |
|
|
Monomers for absorption |
Glycerol/fatty acids, amino acids, glucose,monosaccharides |
|
|
How physical design of small intestine is suited for digestion |
Lined with intestinal glands- produces enzymes Muscular tube- peristalsis (increases contact between enzymes and substrates) Long- more time for substrates and enzymes to react |
|
|
Structures for absorption in small intestine |
Folds villi- more epithelial cells/area for absorption. Each villi has a lacteal and capillaries microvilli- increases number of carrier proteins for active transport Extra mitochondria for extra energy |
|
|
Absorption of glucose and amino acids |
Pass through epithelial cells by active transport Enter blood capillaries Pass through hepatic portal system Processed by liver Enter blood and go to body cells |
|
|
Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids |
Path through epithelial cells by diffusion Enter lacteals Processed by lymphatic system Enter circulatory system and go to body cells |
|
|
Evolutionary advantages of torpor and hibernation |
Torpor- allows animal to save energy while avoiding difficult conditions Hibernation- allows huge energy saving during cold and food scarcity |
|
|
Function of large intestine |
Complete water and salt absorption Produce and absorb certain vitamins (via bacteria) Formation + expulsion of feces |
|
|
Functions of liver |
Produce bile Break down old red blood cells Maintain blood glucose levels Produce blood proteins Detoxifies blood Removes amino group from amino acids (produces urea) |
|
|
3 hormones in digestive system |
Gastrin: when senses amino acids and peptides in stomach, signals release of gastric juices Secretin: when it senses HCl in duodenum, it signals release of pancreatic juice and extra bile production CCK: when fats and protein in duodenum, signals addition of more pancreatic juice |
|
|
Interstitial fluid |
The fluid in the space between cells (tissue fluid) |
|
|
Tissue types |
Epithelial- tightly packed cells covering body and inner cavities Connective- binds organs together, supports/protects, insulates, produces blood cells, found between bones and in blood vessels Muscle- connective tissue for movement Nervous- conducts nerve impulses |
|
|
Regulates vs conformers |
Regulators control internal change when external change occurs (human) Conformer’s internal condition change in accordance with external change |
|
|
Endothermy vs exothermy |
Endothermy- gain heat from internal metabolism Exothermy- gain heat from external source |
|
|
2 examples of structures for thermoregulation |
Fur/feathers- trap layer of air increasing insulation Burrowing/sunning- protects amor exposes them to heat source |
|
|
Negative vs positive feedback loop |
Negative- fix a problem, used regularly, maintains homeostasis Positive- make problem worse, intensify the stimulus, rare |
