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49 Cards in this Set
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Agricultural Density |
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Measuring agricultural density help account for economic differences.
Two countries can have similar physiological densities but produce significantly different amounts of food because of different economic conditions.
Developed countries have a lower agricultural density because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.
The highest agricultural density's are found in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The lowest are in North America, Europe, and South Pacific. |
P49
See of 48 for a chart that compares arithmetic physiological and agricultural density. Note the paragraph on top of page 49 that talks about the comparison of physiological density to agricultural density and how it relates to that chart. |
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Arithmetic density |
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
To computer arithmetic density divide the population by the land area. This enables geographers to compare the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world. Arithmetic density answers the "where" question. The highest arithmetic density's are found in Asia, Europe, and Central America. The lowest are on North and South America and South Pacific. |
See Page 48 for a chart comparing different types of density. |
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Census |
A complete enumeration of a population. |
Page 45 |
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Crude birth rate. (CBR) |
A measure of population growth or change.
The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people people alive in the society.
A CBR of 20 means that for every 1000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one year. |
Page 50 |
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Crude death rate (CD-R) |
A measure of population growth or change.
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive of the society.
Crude death rate is expressed annual number of deaths per 1000 population. |
Page 50 |
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Demographic transition |
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. |
Page 56 |
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Demography |
The scientific study of population characteristics. |
Page 44 |
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Dependency ratio |
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
The number of people who are too young or too old to work. Compared to the number of people and their productive years.
The larger the dependency ratio, The greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those that do not. |
Page 54 |
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Doubling time |
The number of years needed to double population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Doubling time directly related to the NIR. Remember, the NIR is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. So the higher the NIR, the higher the doubling time. |
Page 50 |
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Ecumene |
The portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. |
Page 47 |
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Epidemiologic transition |
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. |
Page 64 |
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Epidemiology |
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among the population at a specific time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality. |
Page 64 |
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Industrial revolution |
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transform the process of manufacturing goods.
It began in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century and diffused to the European continent and North America (including the United States) during the 19th century. |
Page 56 |
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Infant mortality rate (IMR) |
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a society. |
Page 70 |
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Life Expectancy |
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. |
Page 65 |
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Medical revolution |
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poor countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have illuminated many of the traditional causes of death in poor countries and enable more people to live longer and healthier lives.
It began in the late 20th century. |
Page 56 |
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Natural increase rate (NIR) |
A measure of population growth or change.
An NIR of 1.2 would mean that the population of the world had been growing each year by 1.2%.
The percentage of growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Note - you must first convert the two measures from numbers per 1000 to percentages (numbers per 100). So if CBR is 20 and CDR is 5 (both per 1000), then the NIR is 1.5%, or 15 per 1000. |
Page 50
See chart on page 51 to show the comparison of world population growth to natural increase rate. This is important. |
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Overpopulation |
The situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. |
Page 44 |
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Pandemic |
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. |
Page 64 |
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Physiological density |
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
This is one measure of density that answers the "why" question – why people are not uniformly distributed across earths surface.
Rather than just the number of people who live in a certain place, this measure tells the number of people who live in regions that are suited for agriculture.
It gives insight into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region.
Higher levels of physiological density indicate that crops grown in those areas must feed far more people than in areas with lower physiological density.
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Page 48 |
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Population Pyramid |
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.
A Community's distinctive distribution by age and gender can be displayed in a population pyramid. |
Page 54 |
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Sex ratio |
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Developed countries have more females than males because on average women live seven years longer than men.
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Page 54 |
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Total fertility rate (TFR) |
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. |
Page 52 |
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Zero population growth (ZPG) |
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. |
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Density |
The number of people occupying an area of land. It can be computed in several ways including arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density. |
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Define the three types of density used in population geography. |
Arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density |
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What do the three types of density help at? |
The measures of density help geographers describe the distribution of people in comparison to available resources. For example, arithmetic density enables geographers to compare the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world. The higher the arithmetic density, the the greater the number of people trying to live in that specific area. |
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If a country's population equals 30,000 people, and there is a CBR of 40, how many babies are born in that country? |
For every 1000 people in that society, 40 babies are born per year. So, 30x40=1200 babies per year. |
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What is the difference between crude birth rate (CBR) total fertility rate (TFR)? |
Crude birth rate (CBR) provides a picture of a society as a whole in a given year. Total fertility rate (TFR) attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women in the world of rapid cultural change. |
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Do developed countries have higher or lower rates of natural increase, crude birth, and total fertility than developing countries? |
Lower rates |
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Do developed countries have higher or lower crude death rates than developing countries? |
Higher |
See chart on page 52 for comparisons of demographic rates - note - it makes sense if you slow down and think about it. |
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What are the different indicators used to measure births and deaths? |
Crude birth rate Crude death rate Natural increase rate |
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What are the four stages of the demographic transition model? |
Stage one – low growth - very high birth rate and death rate produces vertically no long term natural increase. - most of human history was spent in this stage but today no country is here
Stage two – high growth - rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase - The industrial revolution resulted in Europe and North America entering this stage - wealth = healthier places to live - The medical revolution resulted in developing countries entering this stage later in the late 20th century - improved medical practices = longer and healthier lives
Stage three – decreasing growth - birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate - in this stage, people are deciding to have fewer children. This is partially due to a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality. It's also due to economic changes ( for example, farmers off to consider having children a positive thing because there's more work to do; however, living in smaller houses in urban areas it's often more comfortable with smaller families).
Stage four – low growth
- very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease - CBR declines to the point where it equals CDR and the NIR approaches zero - social customs explain the movement to stage four (Women enter the labor force, people have wider access to birth control methods)
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Really look at the chart on page 56 for a good visual representation of this model |
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Why does a population pyramid have it's shape in general? |
population pyramids show the percentage of population by age and gender.
The more rectangular the graph is shaped, the slower a population is growing; the more a graph looks like a pyramid, the faster that population is growing.
The pyramid with the broader base means a country has a relatively high percentage of young children. As a country goes through the various stages of the demographic transition, the population pyramid tends to change. As a country moves through the demographic transition, the shape of the pyramid flattens. |
See figure 2–21 on page 57 for an example of how a pyramid changes depending on the stage of demographic transition |
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Malthus theory |
Malthus expected population grow more rapidly than food supply. He believed that population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower crude birth rates or unless disease, famine, war, or other natural disasters produced higher crude death rate.
Neo-Malthusians fear things will be even worse than Malthus predicted. According to them world population growth is outstripping many of the worlds resources and will result in billions of people engaged in a desperate search for food water and energy.
This theory has not been supported during the past half century. Even though human population has grown at its most rapid rate ever, world food production has consistently grown at a faster rate. |
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Summarize the possible stage 5 of the demographic transition. |
Stage five – decline
- negative NIR, increasing death rate, decreasing or no birth rate. - from Stage 4 technological innovation results in drop in death rates; Drop in birth rate comes from changing social customs - after several decades a very low birthrates, a stage five country would have relatively few young women entering into childbearing years. The smaller pool of women each chooses to have fewer children birth rates would continue to fall even more than in stage 4. |
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Arable land |
Land suitable for agriculture. |
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When did the Industrial Revolution began? |
It began in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century and diffused to the European continent and North America (including the United States) during the 19th century. |
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When did the medical revolution begin? |
It began in the late 20th century. |
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What is the most populous country in the world? |
China |
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Two thirds of the population is clustered in for regions. What regions are they found in? |
East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe |
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Not as many people choose to live in high elevations but they are exceptions in which area of the world. |
Some parts of Africa and Latin America |
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What is happening in Japan with its population? |
Japan faces the prospect of population decline in the future.
BT 2050 the Japanese pyramid is expected to be reversed from that of 1950. Instead of a very high percentage of children, Japan will have a very high percentage of elderly people.
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Why is the U.S. Census politically important? |
Geography remodel statistical data to conduct spatial analysis. The single most important data source for human geographers is the senses. |
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What would a population pyramid look like when a population from a baby boom reached retirement age? |
Relatively rectangular, with a slight bulge near the top. |
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What is the relationship between a country's wealth and increase income per capita and the natural increase rate (NIR)? |
As a country becomes wealthy, there is usually a decrease in the NIR. |
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What is the replacement rate? |
The amount of fertility needed to keep the population the same from generation to generation.
The total fertility rate that will result in a stable population. |
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Which country entered stage four of the demographic transition first? |
Denmark? |
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Well done |
Yay Spencer |
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