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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protons
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Positive
Found on the atom's nucleus |
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Neutrons
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Neutral
Found on the atom's nucleus |
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Electrons
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Negative
Circle the nucleus |
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Atomic number
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Number of protons
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Mass
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The amount of a substance
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Weight
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The force exerted on a substance by gravity
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Atomic mass
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The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
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Isotope
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Atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons than normal
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Radioactive isotopes
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Decay into elements of lower atomic numbers
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Ions
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Atoms in which the number of protons and neutrons differ
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Cation
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Contains more protons than electrons
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Anion
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Contains fewer protons than electrons
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Orbital
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The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found
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Oxidation
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Loss of an electron
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Reduction
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Gain of an electron
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Valence electrons
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Electrons on the outer energy shells
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Octet rule
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Atoms can contain no more than 8 electrons in their last shell
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Molecule
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A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Compound
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Molecule that contains two or more elements
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Ionic bonds
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Formed because ions of opposite charge attract one another
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What bond holds NaCl together?
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Ionic bond
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Covalent bonds
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When two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons
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Electronegativity
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The oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond
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Chemical reaction
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Formation or breaking of bonds`
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Acid
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pH lower than 7
High H+ concentration |
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Base
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pH higher than 7
High OH- concentration |
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Salts
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Positive or negative ions in a solution that contain no H+ or OH-
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Buffers
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Neutralizes strong acids or bases
Made of weak acid or base and salt compounds |
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Organic molecules contain which element?
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Carbon covalently bonded to other atoms
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Carbon is ..... (never loses or gains electrons)
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Electroneutral
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Carbon has how many valence electrons?
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4
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What makes carbon unique in binding?
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It can bind to itself
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Carbon atoms can form... [3]
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Long chains
Branches Ring structures |
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Types of bonds in adjacent carbon atoms
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Single
Double Triple |
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Four main organic molecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids |
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Monomers of the four organic molecules (subunits)
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Sugars
Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides |
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Polymers of the four organic molecules (large molecules)
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Polysaccharides
Fats/ Lipids/ Membranes Proteins Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates are made of ...
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen |
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Hydrogen to carbon ration in carbohydrates
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2:1
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Monosaccharide
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One sugar
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Disaccharide
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Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
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Polysaccharide
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Many sugars
Polymers of simple sugars |
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Isomers
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Molecules with the same formula but are arranged differently
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Types of monosaccharides [5]
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Glucose
Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose |
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Dehydration synthesis
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Loss of a water molecule
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Hydrolysis
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Decomposition of a chemical compound by a reaction with water
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Polymer
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Long, chain-like molecule
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Starch
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Polysaccharide
Straight chain of glucose Energy storage for plants |
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Glycogen
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Branches polymer of glucose
Carbohydrate storage for animals |
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Cellulose
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Primary constituent of plant cell walls
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Why are lipids important? [4]
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Long term energy storage
Chemical messengers Cell membranes Protection from physical shock |
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Two chemical messengers
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Testosterone
Estrogen (steroid hormones) |
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What are cell membranes made of?
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Phospholipids and cholesterol
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Triglycerides
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Neutral fats
Made of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol (sugar alcohol) Found under the skin and around organs |
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Phospholipids
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Main component of cell membranes
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Cholesterol
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Sex hormones and adrenaline
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What solvents can lipids be soluble in?
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Other lipids
Organic solvents Not water |
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What are lipids made of?
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Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Proportion of oxygen is less than in carbohydrates |
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What are phospholipids made of?
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Two fatty acids, one phosphate group and one glycerol
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What is the basic structural material of the body?
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Protein
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What do proteins make? [4]
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Enzymes
Muscles Hemoglobin Collagen |
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What are proteins and what are they made of?
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Large macromolecules
Polymers Combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds |
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What are amino acids made of?
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Amine group, carboxyl group and a functional group (R group)
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What makes each amino acid chemically unique?
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Differences in the R group
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What determines the function of the protein?
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The order of the amino acids
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Proteins are polypeptides of?
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Amino acids
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Primary structure of proteins
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Chain of amino acids
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Secondary structure of proteins
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Alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
Stabilized by hydrogen bonds |
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Tertiary structure of proteins
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Secondary structures folded to make a globular molecule
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Quaternary structure of proteins
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Tertiary structures linked together in a specific manner
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Why do proteins become denatured?
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The hydrogen bonds that maintain the structure break due to changes in pH or temperature
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What are nucleic acids made of?
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Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
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What are nucleotides are made of?
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Pentose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base
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Five nitrogen bases
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Adenine
Guanine Ucil Thymine Cytosine |
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Nucleic acids are needed to make ...
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DNA and RNA
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What is the structure of DNA?
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A coiled double-stranded polymer of nucleotides
Double helix |
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Endergonic / Synthesis
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Needs energy
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Exergonic / Decomposition
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Releases engery
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Catalyst
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Chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction
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Enzyme
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Biological catalyst
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Enzymes work by...
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Lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
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Some enzymes must be activated by...
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Cofactors
Organic molecules such as vitamins |
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Element
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Contains one type of atom
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van der Waals forces
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A slight attraction of oppositely charged areas that are not as strong as bonds
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Hydrogen bond
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The attraction between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to an oxygen atom on another
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Cohesion
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Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Adhesion
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Attraction between molecules of different substances
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