The Central Nervous System

Front 1

State the function of the spinal cord (3).

Back 1

1. Sensory and motor innervation. 2. Relay signal
(motor:descending, sensory:ascending), Reflex

Front 2

Which spinal cord segment does the spinal cord extend to?

Back 2

To L1 or L2

Front 3

What do you call the place where the spinal cord tapers down?

Back 3

Conus medullaris

Front 4

What do you call the collection of nerve roots at the lumber area?

Back 4

Cauda equina

Front 5

What do you call a long filament of connective tissue that anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Back 5

Filum terminale

Front 6

Why do cervical and lumber enlargement exist?

Back 6

Because the nerves need to accomodate extra ennervation by thickening.

Front 7

What do you call the region of the spinal cord from which the nerve fibers emerge?

Back 7

Spinal cord segment

Front 8

What do you call the two grooves that partially divide the spinal cord into half.

Back 8

Dorsal(posterior) median sulcus, Ventral(anterior)median fissure

Front 9

What do you call the 3 divisions in the white matter in the spinal cord?

Back 9

Dorsal column
Ventral column
Lateral column

Front 10

What do you call the crossbar section of graymatter in the spinal cord.

Back 10

Gray commissure

Front 11

State the 3 division of graymatter in the spinal cord.

Back 11

Dorsal horn
Vental horn
Lateral horn

Front 12

In which spinal cord segment is lateral horn present?

Back 12

Only in thoracic and superior lumber segment.

Front 13

In which spinal cord segment the ventral horns are largest?

Back 13

Cervical and lumbar segments

Front 14

Define white matter in the spinal cord.

Back 14

The area in the spinal cord where myelinated neurons dominate.

Front 15

Define gray matter in the spinal cord.

Back 15

The are in the spinal cord where unmyelinated axons, dendrites and neuroglia are found.

Front 16

Functional divisions in the gray matter is same for CNS and PNS. State the 4 divisions.

Back 16

dorsal horn-somatic sensory & visceral sensory
Lateral horn- visceral motor
Ventral horn-somatic motor

Front 17

What is the general name for three connective tissue membranes external to the brain and the spinal cord?

Back 17

Meninges

Front 18

What is the function of meninges (4).

Back 18

1. Encloses the structure
2. Keep distance from blood
3. Keep bacteriaes away
4. CFS between arachnoid and pia matter.

Front 19

List three meninges.

Back 19

Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia matter

Front 20

Describe dura matter

Back 20

2 layers of dense irregular connetive tissue.

Front 21

What do you call the space between dura matter and arachnoid?

Back 21

Subdural space

Front 22

What do you call the area external to the dura matter, which is filled with cushioning fat?

Back 22

Epidural space

Front 23

In which spinal cord segment a needle is inserted for spinal tap/lumber puncture and epidural?

Back 23

Between L3 and L4 or between L4 and L5.

Front 24

What is between the arachnoid and pia matter? What kind of substance exists in here?

Back 24

Subarachnoid space.
Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 25

Basic composition of CSF
(Cerebrospinal fluid)?

Back 25

Blood filterate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins and ions.

Front 26

What is the purpose of CSF?
(5)

Back 26

1. Buoyancy 2.Buffering 3. Nutrience 4. Remove waste 5. Carry chemical signal like hormone

Front 27

List basis organization of the brain from the bottom up.

Back 27

1. Brain stem (medulla, pons, midbrain), 2.cerebellum 3. diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) 4. Cerebrum

Front 28

What do you call the external sheets covering cerebrum and cerebellum?

Back 28

Cerebrum- cerebral cortex
Cerebellum- cerebellar cortex

Front 29

What color matte are cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex?

Back 29

Gray matter
(opposite of spinal cord)

Front 30

What happens in the gray matter in cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex?

Back 30

Synaps

Front 31

What do you call the other gray matter in the cerebrum?

Back 31

Brain nuclei

Front 32

What is the name of opening that connects lateral ventricles and third ventricle?

Back 32

Interventricular foramen

Front 33

What is the name of the opening connecting third and fourth ventricles in the midbrain?

Back 33

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 34

Where is the forth ventricle?

Back 34

In the brain stem.

Front 35

What do you cal the openings in the fourth ventricle, which connect to the central canal of medulla and spinal cord?

Back 35

Lateral apertures (2)
Median aperture

Front 36

What kind of cell are ventricles lined with?

Back 36

Ependymal cells

Front 37

What is the purpose of ventricles?

Back 37

Each venticles contain a choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid

Front 38

What do you call the part of brain that is called reptillian brain consisting of three parts?

Back 38

Brainstem

Front 39

What is the function of medulla oblongata?

Back 39

1.Decussation
2.Relay station for cranial nerve VII(vestibulochochlear)-XII(hypoglossal)
3. Bloodvessels to dialate & constrict (blood pressure)
4. Breathing
5. Hiccup, vommitting

Front 40

Where does decussation occur?

Back 40

decussation of the pyramid

Front 41

Function of pons

Back 41

1.Relay station for cranial nerve V(trigeminal), VI(abducen), VII(Facial)
2.Sensory stimuli goes up
Motor stimuli goes down
3.Regulate breathing

Front 42

What is the function of Midbrain? (4)

Back 42

1.Cranial nerve III(oculomotor) & IV(trochlea) is attached.
2.Periaqaueductal gray matter involved in "fight or flight" reaction
3.Auditory, Visual reflex
4. Basal ganglia involved in coordination (loss-parkinson disease)

Front 43

What is the function of Cerebellum?

Back 43

Receives information for movement of stationing.

Front 44

What causes dizziness?

Back 44

Dysfunction of cerebellum

Front 45

What is in diencephalon?

Back 45

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Front 46

Function of thalamus

Back 46

"Gateway" to the cerebral cortex. It modifies the information.

Front 47

Function of hypothalamus (first 4)
Aistocrats Eat THe Tiger

Back 47

1. Control of ANS
2. Control of emotion
3. Body temperature
4. Hunger and thirst

Front 48

Function of hypothalamus
(next 4) MSEM
Mom Said Eat and Marry

Back 48

5. Motivation
6. Sleep-wake cycle
7. Endocrine system
8. Memory

Front 49

Function of epythalamus(pineal gland)

Back 49

Production of melatonin

Front 50

What is intermediate mass?

Back 50

A small midline connection between right and left parts of the thalamus. Also called interthalamic adhesion.

Front 51

What do you call the line between front and back of the cerebrum?

Back 51

Central sulcus

Front 52

what do you call the line between parietal and occipital lobe?

Back 52

Prieto-occipital sulcus

Front 53

What do you call the line between temporal and parietal, occipital lobe?

Back 53

Lateral sulcus

Front 54

What do you call the line betwen cerebellum and temporal, occipital lobe?

Back 54

Transverse cerebral fissure

Front 55

Main function of primary somatosensory cortex area?

Back 55

Final destination for somatic sense picked up by skin proprioceptors.

Front 56

What do you call the ability of primary somatosensory cortex to localize a stimilus?

Back 56

Spatial discrimination

Front 57

What do you call right cerebral cortex receive sensory input from the left side of the body and vice versa?

Back 57

Contralateral projection

Front 58

What do you call the area invloved in recognizing and understanding spoken words?

Back 58

Wernicke's area

Front 59

What do you call the area that controls motor movement for speaking?

Back 59

Broca's area

Front 60

What is the difference between premotor cortex and primary motor cortex?

Back 60

Premotor- Receives stimuli and plans movement
Primary motor- Implement the movement

Front 61

Function of frontal eye field

Back 61

Looking quickly at something.
(eye movement)

Front 62

What do you call the body map for primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex?

Back 62

Sensory homunculus
Motor homunculus
(if the picture is long, more cerebrum is dedicated)

Front 63

What do you call the commisural fibers in the brain that connects both hemispher?

Back 63

Corpus callosum

Front 64

Function of basal Ganglia?

Back 64

Controls voluntary body movement without spasm.

Front 65

What does substantia nigra in midbrain do?

Back 65

Sends inhibitory input to the basal ganglia.

Front 66

What happens if substantia nigra becomes damages?

Back 66

It results in Parkingson's disease

Front 67

What do you call the emotional brain?

Back 67

Lymbic system

Front 68

Part of limbic system that responds to fear?

Back 68

Amyglada

Front 69

Part of limbic system that helps this thought and express emotion by gesture?

Back 69

Cingulate gyrus

Front 70

Part of limbic system involved in memory retrieval

Back 70

hippocampus

Front 71

Is olfactory party of limbic system?

Back 71

Yes. Sense of smell is tied to emotion.

Front 72

Function of reticular activating system.
Where is it located?

Back 72

Makes you alert.
Located in pons and medulla

Front 73

What do you call the horizontal sheet between cerebrum and cerebellum?

Back 73

Tentorium cerebelli

Front 74

What do you call the vertical partition in the cerebellum?

Back 74

Falx cerebelli

Front 75

What do you call the sickel shaped vertical sheet in the longitudinal fissure?

Back 75

Falx cerebri

Front 76

Where is CSF created?

Back 76

In the four brain ventricles by the choroid plexuses.

Front 77

Say the route CSF travels in the brain.

Back 77

Lateral to 4th ventricle, median and lateral apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, bood of superior sagittal sinus.

Front 78

After CSF circulates in subarachnoid space, where does it drain from and to?

Back 78

It drains from arachnoid villus to superior sugittal sinus.

Front 79

What creats blood brain barrier?

Back 79

Endothelium that makes up the walls of the brain capillaries.

Front 80

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

Back 80

To keep blood and other blood born toxins like urea(nitrogen end product),bacterial toxins from CNS.

Front 81

What substances are allowed through brain blood barrier?

Back 81

Ion, all nutrient including glucose and small waste product

Front 82

What are fat soluble molecules that can go throuth the brain blood barrier?

Back 82

Alcohol, nicotine, and anestheric agents

Front 83

What are two medications that cannot permeate the barrier?
What is the consequence?

Back 83

Chemo therapy medication
Antibacterial medication

Cancer in the brain is hard to treat.

Front 84

Other things that blood brain barrier keep out?

Back 84

Hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body.

Front 85

What is meningitis?

Back 85

An inflammation of the menings caused by a bacterial or viral infection.

Front 86

What do you call the dysfunction, when the posterior association area specially in the right hemispher is damages, and don't recognize senses coming through the left side of the body?

Back 86

Neglect syndrome

Front 87

What causes Parkinson's disease?

Back 87

Degeneration of substantia nigra region of the midbrain, which sends inhibitory input to basal ganglia.

Front 88

Symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Back 88

Slow and jerky movement.
Tremor of the face, limbs and hands.
Muscle rigidity
Hard to make voluntary movement.

Front 89

What do you call a disease that causes jerky limb, which is inherited in DNA?

Back 89

Huntington's disease

Front 90

What is the cause of huntington's diesease?

Back 90

Degeneration of corpus striatum.

Front 91

What do you call the disease that you accumulate CSF in the brain?

Back 91

Hydrocephalus

Front 92

What is the cause of hydrocephalus?

Back 92

Tumor or inflammatory swelling blocking the cerebral aqueduct or the fourth ventricle.

Front 93

What do you call the traumatic brain injuries commonly called strokes?

Back 93

Cerebrovascular Accidents
(CVA)

Front 94

What is the cause of Cerebrovascular accidents
(CVA)?

Back 94

Blockage of the flow of blood to a brain causes brain tissue to die from lack of oxygen. `

Front 95

What do you call the deprivation of blood to the brain tissue?

Back 95

Ischemia (iske'meah)

Front 96

What kind of consequence does CVA have?

Back 96

Partial paralysis of the body
Sonsory or language deficits.

Front 97

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back 97

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia (mental deterioration).

Front 98

What is the cause of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 98

Main hypothesis is
Amyloid precursor protein.
Some genes may make one susceptible to the disease.