The Central Nervous System

Front 1

What are the 3 basic regions of the cerebrum and their functions?

Back 1

1)Gray matter-'The executive suite'
2)White matter- responsible for communication
3)Basal nuclei - responsible for coordinated motor activity.

Front 2

What part of the brain lies between the optic chiasma and the mammillary bodies?

Back 2

The hypothalamus

Front 3

What part of the brain are 'memories' stored and how are they retrieved?

Back 3

Memories are stored in the temporal cortex and retrieved when the same sets of neurons that were initally involved in memory formation are stimulated.

Front 4

What is CSF? Where is it produced? And what are its functions?

Back 4

CSF is formed by the choroid pelxuses- It protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma, helps to nourish the brain, and carries chemical signals from one part of the brain to another.

Front 5

What allows the hypothalamus to directly monitor blood?

Back 5

The hypothalamus lacks a blood-brain barrier.

Front 6

In the spinal cord- which space(s) are filled with CSF?

Back 6

The subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 7

What is the cauda equina?

Back 7

it refers to the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal.

Front 8

Roy was hit playing football. After, he was unable to move his lower limbs. What part of his nervous system might be involved in this injury?

Back 8

He might have an injury to the descending pathways in the spinal cord between T1 and L1 . If the cord is transected, the result is paraplegia- if only bruised, he could regain funcion of his legs again.

Front 9

The primary motor cortex, Broca's area, and the premotor area are located in which lobe?

Back 9

The frontal lobe.

Front 10

The innermost layer of the menineges, delicate and closely apposed to the brain tissue is the_________.

Back 10

Pia mater.

Front 11

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by?

Back 11

Choroid plexuses

Front 12

A patient suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has caused dysfunction of the precentral gyrus of his right cerebral cortex. As a result....

Back 12

He cannot voluntarily move his left arm of left leg.

Front 13

Which area of the brain has basal nuclei involved in fine control of motor activities?

Back 13

Corpus Striatum

Front 14

What is the region where there is a gross crossover of fibers of descending pyramidal tracts?

Back 14

Medulla Oblongata

Front 15

Which area of the brain has control of temperature, the ANS reflexes, hunger, and water balance?

Back 15

Hypothalamus

Front 16

Which area houses the substantia and cerebral aqueduct?

Back 16

Midbrain

Front 17

Which are has relay stations for visual and auditory stimuli input; found in midbrain?

Back 17

Corpora quadrigemina

Front 18

Which area houses vital centers for control of the heart, respiration, and blood pressure?

Back 18

Medulla oblongata

Front 19

What is the brain area through which all the sensory input is relayed to get to the cerebral cortex?

Back 19

Thalamus

Front 20

What is the brain area most concerned with equilibrium, body posture, and coordination of motor activity?

Back 20

Cerebellum

Front 21

Destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of ...?

Back 21

Voluntary motor impulses

Front 22

What are the fiber tracts that allow neurons within the same cerebral hemisphere to communicate?

Back 22

Association tracts

Front 23

A professor unexpectedly blew a loud horn in class- startled, the students looked up. The reflexive movements of their eyes were mediated by the _______.

Back 23

Superior colliculi

Front 24

What is the function of the Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?

Back 24

Motor functions

Front 25

What is the function of the Postcentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?

Back 25

Sensory functions

Front 26

What is the function of the Broca's area?

Back 26

Speech

Front 27

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Back 27

Visual sensation

Front 28

what is the major function of the piriform lobe?

Back 28

Smell

Front 29

What are gyrus?

Back 29

twister formations on brain

Front 30

What are Sulcus?

Back 30

The furrows on the brains surface.

Front 31

What is white matter?

Back 31

Groups of axons/fibers in the CNS

Front 32

What is gray matter?

Back 32

Neuron cell bodies

Front 33

What is a 'ventricle'?

Back 33

Hollow space filled w/ fluid inside the CNS tissue.

Front 34

What structures connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole(includes the corpus callosum?

Back 34

The Commissural Fibers

Front 35

What structure connects different parts of the same hemisphere?

Back 35

Association fibers

Front 36

What structures enter the cerebral hemisphere from lower brain or cord centers, and those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas?

Back 36

Projection fibers

Front 37

What structure is important in starting and stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex?

Back 37

Basal Nuclei

Front 38

What structure is considered the 'executive suite' of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found?

Back 38

The Cerebral Cortex

Front 39

Which sensory area receives information from the general sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles?

Back 39

The primary somatosensory cortex

Front 40

Which sensory area integrates sensory inputs(temperature, pressure, etc) relayed to it to produce an understanding of an object being felt?

Back 40

Somatosensory association cortex

Front 41

Which sensory is involved in the perception of taste stimuli?

Back 41

Gustatory cortex

Front 42

Which sensory is responsible for conscious awareness of balance(position of head in space)?

Back 42

Vestibular cortex

Front 43

Which sensory permits the perception of the sound stimulus?

Back 43

Auditory areas

Front 44

Which area of the brain sorts and edits information from sensory areas ascending to the cerebral cortex?

Back 44

Thalamus

Front 45

Which area of the brain is the main visceral control center of the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

Back 45

Hypothalamus

Front 46

Which area is associated with the pineal gland, secreting melatonin to induce sleep?

Back 46

Epithalamus

Front 47

Which area controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movements when we follow a moving object?

Back 47

Midbrain

Front 48

Which area contains the pneumotaxic center to maintain the normal rhythm of breathing?

Back 48

Pons

Front 49

Which area of the brain is an autonomic reflex involved in maintaining body homeostasis(Cardiovascular, respiratory, centers for sneezing, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, and coughing)?

Back 49

Medulla Oblongata

Front 50

The________ provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, allowing smooth and coordinating movements.

Back 50

Cerebellum

Front 51

Which area of the brain integrates sensory information with emotional response?

Back 51

Limbic system

Front 52

Which area of the brain keeps the cerebral cortex alert and conscious and enhances its excitability?

Back 52

Reticular formation

Front 53

Which area of the brain includes prefrontal cortex, posterior association areas, and limbic association areas?

Back 53

The Multimodal association areas

Front 54

Which EEG brain wave indicates a brain that is idiling, calm, and in a relaxed state of wakefullness?

Back 54

Alpha waves

Front 55

Which EEG brain wave pattern occurs when we are mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus?

Back 55

Beta Waves

Front 56

Which EEG brain wave pattern is common in children and abnormal in adults?

Back 56

Theta Waves

Front 57

Which EEG brain wave pattern is seen during sleep, during anesthesia; nad indicates brain damage in awake adults?

Back 57

Delta waves

Front 58

An example of a Commissure is the _______-.

Back 58

Corpus callosum

Front 59

An example of a projection would be a ________.

Back 59

Internal capsule

Front 60

An example of central gray matter is________.

Back 60

Basal Nuclei

Front 61

An example of outer gray matter would be the ______ ______.

Back 61

The cerebral cortex.

Front 62

Which of the following is NOT a component of the ascending sensory pathway from the receptors to the cerebral cortex?
A) Collaterals B) 1st order neurons in the dorsal ganglion C) 2nd order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medulla oblongata
D) 4th order neurons in the hypothalamus
3rd order neurons in the thalamus

Back 62

D) 4th order neurons in the hypothalamus

*There are NO 4th order neurons in the hypothalamus.

Front 63

In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of impulses take place?
A) Thalamic nuclei B) Prefrontal cortex C) Basal nuclei D)Hypothalamus E)Post central cortex

Back 63

A) Thalamic nuclei
*within the thalamus a sorting-out and information editing process occurs. Virtually ALL inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuceli.

Front 64

Melatonin is produced by the______.

Back 64

Pineal gland- and helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

Front 65

Which of the following is a function of the pons?
A)Controls vomiting and coughing
B)Acts to regulate body temperature C)Contains nuclei that relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum D)Nucleus for the abducens nerve

Back 65

C)Contains nuclei that relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum
*The pons is a bridge carrying info to/from the cerebellum

Front 66

Which of the following areas is NOT involved in speech processing?
A) Lateral prefrontal cortex
B) Superior colliculi
C) Broca's area
D) Wernicke's area

Back 66

B) Superior colliculi- functions in visual reflexes.

Front 67

Which part of the brain is considered the 'Gateway' to the cerebral cortex?

Back 67

Thalamus - it plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory.

Front 68

Which part of the brain is involved in maintaining the body's homeostasis?

Back 68

Hypothalamus

Front 69

Where is the center for central balance?

Back 69

The cerebellum.

Front 70

What are the visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object?

Back 70

Superior Colliculi

Front 71

The two vertical pillars in the midbrain that seem to hold up the cerebrum are know as?

Back 71

The cerebral penduncles

Front 72

Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia?
A )Determining whether a person is left or right-handed
B) Connecting corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex to enable them to function as a coordinate whole
C) Cognitive activities
D) Starting, stopping and monitoring arm swinging and gait
E) Regulation of body temperature

Back 72

D) Starting, stopping and monitoring arm swinging and gait- are functions of the basal ganglia.

Front 73

Which of the following is NOT composed of white matter?
A) Internal capsule
B) Fornix
C) Projection fibers
D) Putamen
E) Corpus callosum

Back 73

D) Putamen

Front 74

Which of the following is the autonomic control center?
A) Diencephalon
B) Pons
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Hypothalamus
E) Midbrain

Back 74

D) Hypothalamus- is the control center for the CNS

Front 75

Which part of the brain is involved in thirst sensations?

Back 75

Hypothalamus

Front 76

What is the central layer of the meninges?

Back 76

Arachnoid mater

Front 77

Which of the following areas would NOT contain cerebrospinal fluid?
A)Subarachnoid space
B) 4th ventricle
C) 3rd ventricle
D) Subdural space
E) Dural sinuses

Back 77

D) Subdural space

*CSF is found inside the ventricles, surrounding the CNS in the subarachnoid space. Also it drains through the dural sinuses.

Front 78

All of the following statements about "cephalization" are correct except...
A) there is an elaboration of the rostral portion of the CNS.
there is an increased number of neurons.
B) the posterior portion of the CNS is enlarged.
C) it reaches is highest level in humans.

Back 78

B) the posterior portion of the CNS is enlarged.

Front 79

The retina of the eye rises from the ________.

Back 79

Diencephalon

Front 80

The lateral ventricles are sererated by a thin median membrane called the _________.

Back 80

Septum pelllucidum

Front 81

What is the landmark called that seperates the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 81

The longitude fissure

Front 82

The cerebral cortex has all the following features except that...
A) it accounts for 40% of the brain mass.
B) its convoluted surface triples its surface.
C) it is arranged in six layers.
D) it is composed of white mater.

Back 82

D) it is composed of white mater.

Front 83

The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of all the following except...
A) The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex processes the feeling that ones lungs will burst when one holds ones breathe.
B) upset stomach. C) Taste.
D) full bladder.

Back 83

C) Taste.

Front 84

In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together and make us who we are?

Back 84

The multimodal associate areas

Front 85

What structure is considered the 'gateway' to the cerebral cortex?

Back 85

The thalamus

Front 86

Which of the following conditions is not due to impairment in the function of the hypothalamus?
A) obesity
B) inability to coordinate fine motor skills
C) sleep disorders
D) "failure to thrive" in infants

Back 86

B) inability to coordinate fine motor skills

Front 87

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning rather that executing movement?

Back 87

The lateral part of each hemisphere

Front 88

What is the condition that is associated with fewer cells in the hypothalamus that secrete the chemical called hypocretins?

Back 88

Narcolepsy

Front 89

All the associates areas of the (right/ or left-?) side of the cerebral cortex are involves in language.

Back 89

Left

Front 90

What 'memory' is limited to seven of eight chunks of information?

Back 90

The Working memory.

Front 91

If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes and come back and the person no longer knows you, the person would be suffering from...?

Back 91

Anterograde amnesia

Front 92

The main culprit in the damage caused by a cerebral vascular accident(CVA) is...?

Back 92

Glutamate

Front 93

What brain disease could possibly be treated by implantation of embryonic or fetal tissue?

Back 93

Huntington's disease

Front 94

Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of...?

Back 94

Parkinson's disease.

Front 95

Our sleep cycles are influenced by daylight or darkness cues received through the visual pathways.

True or False?

Back 95

True

Front 96

Since Schwann cells are only found in the peripheral nervous system, there are no axons myelinated by Schwann cells in the CNS.
True or False?

Back 96

True

Front 97

The amygdala is functionally part of the limbic system.
True or
False

Back 97

True

Front 98

The basal nuclei are directly connected to motor pathways.
True or False

Back 98

False - Although basal nuclei regulate many motor functions, they do NOT have direct access to motor pathways.

Front 99

The basic pattern of the CNS in the spinal cord is a central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core and a white matter layer lying outside of that. True of False?

Back 99

True

Front 100

The CSF is produced in the epithalamus.
True or False?

Back 100

True - the CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which lies in the epithalamus

Front 101

The posterior cranial fossa houses the brain stem, the cerebellum and the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
True or False?

Back 101

False-

Front 102

The relay stations for the olfactory pathways are located in the hypothalamus.
True or False?

Back 102

True- The mammillary bodies, which are part it the hypothalamus, are the relay stations in the olfactory pathways.

Front 103

The limbic system functions as our emotional brain.
True or False?

Back 103

True- the limbic system assesses danger, elicits the fear response, and plays a role in expressing our emotions.

Front 104

Regulation of food intake is the function of the hypothalamus.
True or False?

Back 104

True

Front 105

Regulation of temperature is a function of the thalamus. True of False?

Back 105

False- the hypothalamus regulates body temperature.

Front 106

Dura matter is the innermost layer of the meninges?
True or False?

Back 106

False- The dura mater is the outer most layer of the meninges.