The Cell

Front 1

cytoplasm

Back 1

the area between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope; it consists of a loose gel like background material called the cytosol. Suspended in the cytosol are organelles, and inclusion bodies

Hint 1

encompasses the substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus; the substance in which various cellular components are found; consists of organelles and macromolecular complexes

Front 2

cytosol

Back 2

thicker than H2O; it is within this fluid that the organelles and inclusion bodies as well as proteins, RNA, salts, sugars, and other solutes and colloids are found

Hint 2

water-rich portion of cytoplasm

Front 3

organelles

Back 3

tiny organs that carry out biochemical activities

Front 4

ribosomes

Back 4

site of protein synthesis within the cytoplasm; made of proteins and rRNA

Hint 4

exist free in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER

Front 5

cilia

Back 5

- euk. cell
- numerous and short projections from the cell
- used for locomotion or for moving substances along the surface of the cell

Front 6

chloroplast

Back 6

- euk. cell
- a membrane-enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzymes required for the light gathering stage of photosynthesis

Front 7

lysosome

Back 7

- euk. cell
- primary function is the destruction of foreign materials that enter the cell (phagocytosis) and the destructiuon of the organelles of the cell as part of the normal process of organelle replacement;

Hint 7

can break down various molecules and bacteria

Front 8

Golgi Apparatus

Back 8

- euk. cell
- modify the proteins from the rough ER to form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

Hint 8

a very important role in modifying and packaging proteins

Front 9

vacuoles

Back 9

- euk, cell
- a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane

Hint 9

various functions: storage, bring food into cell (phagocytosis), pump/absorb H2O

Front 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 10

- euk. cell
- studded with ribosomes
- plays important role in protein synthesis
- factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrance molecules

Front 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

- euk. cell
- extends from rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules
- synthesizes fatty acids and phospholipids, steroids
-metabolism of carbohydrates and the detoxification of poisons

Front 12

Mitochondria

Back 12

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
- euk. cell
- sites of cellular respiration, a process that generates ATP
- synthesizes ATP from ADP
ATP PRODUCTION

Front 13

Nucleus

Back 13

contains most of the DNA of a eukaroyotic cell
- site of RNA production
- DNA OF THE CELL

Front 14

Plasma Membrane

Back 14

- euk. cell
- contains sterols which keep the cells from lysing from the increased osmotic pressure
- also contain carbos, which serve as attachment sites for bacteria

Front 15

Chromosome

Back 15

- euk. cell
- contains multiple linear chromosomes with histones

Front 16

flagella

Back 16

- euk. cell
- long projections from cell used for locomotion
- moves in wavelike manner

Front 17

chromatin

Back 17

- euk. cell
- a threadlike mass that appears when the cell is not reproducing
- contains the cells DNA and associated prroteins
- Condensed DNA

Front 18

cytoskeleton

Back 18

- euk. cell
- provides support and shape, and assists in transporting substances through the cell
- made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Hint 18

part of the internal structure of the cytoplasm

Front 19

nucleoli

Back 19

- euk. cell
- within nuclear envelope
- condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized

Hint 19

synthesizes ribosomal RNA

Front 20

centrosome

Back 20

- euk. cell
- located near the nucleus
- the organizing center for the mitotic spindle, which plays a critical role in cell division and for microtubule formation in nondividing cells

Front 21

Nuclear pores

Back 21

- euk. cell
- tiny channels in the nuclear envelope that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

Hint 21

control the movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 22

nuclear envelope

Back 22

- euk. cell
- a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and resembles the plasma meembrane in structure

Front 23

glycocalyx

Back 23

- euk. cells
- a layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbos over the plasma membrane

Hint 23

strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and may contribute to cell-to-cell recognition

Front 24

peroxisomes

Back 24

- euk. cell
- similar in structure to lysosomes
-cytoplasmic vesicles in which occur metabolic reactions that produce H2O2 as a byproduct

Hint 24

- protects the cell thru oxidation of toxic substances
- break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production

Front 25

microtubules

Back 25

- euk. cell
- long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin

Front 26

capsule

Back 26

-prok. cell
- layer of organized and firmly attached glycocalyx
- contributes to bacterial virulence
- often protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

Front 27

Prok. Cell Plasma Membrane

Back 27

at the periphery of the cell; site of cellular respiration

Front 28

Prok. Cell Wall

Back 28

Consists of peptidoglycans; rigid wall that protects the cell from osmotic lysis

Front 29

Fimbriae

Back 29

- prok. cell
- hairlike appendages that can # anywhere bt a few to several hundred per cell

Hint 29

involve in forming biofilms and other aggregations on surfaces and can also help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces in the body

Front 30

Pili

Back 30

- prok. cell
- hairlike appendages, usually # 1 or 2 per cell, involved in motility and DNA transfer

Front 31

Plasmids

Back 31

- prok. cell
- extrachromosal DNA; usually contain 5 to 100 genes that are generally not crucial for survival

Front 32

Prok. Cell Ribosomes

Back 32

- sites of protein synthesis
- float free in the cytoplasm

Front 33

Prok. Cell Inclusions

Back 33

reserve deposits that may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient

Front 34

Prok. Cell Nucleoid

Back 34

- the cell's genetic information
- carries all the info required for the cell's structures and function

Front 35

Flagella

Back 35

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Front 36

telophase

Back 36

chromosomes lose their identity as eparate babies, a new nuclear membrane froms around the set of chromosomes at each end of the cell. The 2 new nuclei then assume the appearance of interphase and mitosis is completed.

Front 37

anaphase

Back 37

during the anaphase, the centromere region of the chromosome split and the 2 strands of each chromosome are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Thus for each 2-stranded chromosome at metaphase, there will be one single-stranded chromosome passing to each pole during anaphase. Movement is produced by the spindle-microtubule system

Front 38

metaphase

Back 38

after the spindle has formed, each chromosome moves to the metaphase plate, or equator, of the cell and attaches by its centromere to a spindle fiber. A cell in metaphase has all its double strand chromosomes at its metaphase plate.

Front 39

G 1 phase

Back 39

cell is growing and metabolizing but is not synthesizing DNA. The cell is increasing in size and mass because it is synthesizing biological molecules.

Front 40

S phase

Back 40

an interval during which the cell is synthesizing new DNA and its association proteins

Front 41

G 2

Back 41

an interval during which protein synthesis and cell growth occurs

Front 42

prophase

Back 42

the chromatin becomes visble as shorter, thicker threads called chromosomes. Each chromosome is composed of 2 coiled strands called sister chromatid that will become attached at the centromere. At the end a spindle and an aster at each pole has formed

Front 43

interphase

Back 43

the cell appears to be inactive, but it is this phase that the cell performs all its normal functions and it is in this phase that cell prepares for cell division. interphase events are preparatory to the mitotic phases of the cycle.

Front 44

sex cell division

Back 44

a) nuclear division = meiosis

b) cytoplasmic division = cytokinesis

Front 45

somatic cell division

Back 45

a) nuclear division = mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which replicated chromosomes are evenly distributed into 2 daughter nuclei

-diploid # = 2n, forms 2 diploid, 2n nuclei

Hint 45

cytokinesis= cytoplasmic division

Front 46

peroxisomes

Back 46

- similar to lysosomes, contain enzymes that decompose and neutralize substances

-smaller, self replicate

-enzymes = oxidase and catalase

-not produced by Golgi

Hint 46

3 functions
- decompose fatty acids into acetyl groups
-neutralize free radicals
- detoxify certain substances like alcohol

Front 47

microfilament

Back 47

- smallest component of cytoskeleton
-rod-like structure
- made of protein actin
-located next to the plasma membrane

Hint 47

provdes support and shape to the cell

Front 48

intermediate filaments

Back 48

- larger, thicker, stiffer, and stronger than microfilaments
-provde structural reinforcement and form structural parts of desmosomes
-help support organelles in large cells such as neurons

Front 49

cytoskeleton

Back 49

- collection of protein filaments, rods, and cylinders that determine the shape of a cell
- structural support for plasma membrane
-organzes contents of cytoplasm
-helps substances within cytoplasm move from one area to another
- help the cell itself move or form pseudopods

Hint 49

3 main components:
-microfilament
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

Front 50

flagella

Back 50

- arise from a basal body which is really a centriole
- sperm s the only human cell that has a flagella
- 1 flagella per ce;;
- propels the sperm thru the female reproductve tract

Hint 50

- contains 9 pairs of microtubules

Front 51

microtubule

Back 51

- largest component of the cytoskeleton
-hollow cylinders
- made of the proten tublin
- form mitotic spindle
-make up the major part of cilia and flagella
-form the structure of centrioles

Front 52

cilia

Back 52

- arses from a basal body which is really a centriole
-occurs in some types of epthelial cells of the body
-hair-like
- function to propel a substance along the surface in one drection

Hint 52

contains 9 pair of microtubules

Front 53

nucleus

Back 53

CONTROL CENTER
- contains genetic material
- lrgest, most conspicuous structure of a cell
- nuclear envelope, like plasma membrane
- ER is extenson of nuclear envelope

Hint 53

- contains chromatin-->DNA and ts assoc. proteins
- stores all the info needed to control the synthesis of more than 40,000 different proteins
-usally contains nucleoli

Front 54

nucleoli (nucleolus)

Back 54

- located in nucleus
- synthesis ribosomal RNA and then assemble this with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

Hint 54

- ribosomes are assembled w/in the nucleolus and then exported to the cytoplasm
-cells that produce lots of proteins have many large nucleoli w/in their nucleus

Front 55

chromatin

Back 55

during interphase the DNA is wrapped arounds clusters of histones and looks like a string of pearls

Front 56

chromosome

Back 56

during prophase the DNA and histones form highly coiled short fat bodies

Hint 56

1 chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids that are held together by a centromere

Front 57

codon

Back 57

3 nucleotides of mRNA that code for onee amino acid

Front 58

centrioles

Back 58

- 9 triplets of microtubules that form a cylinder
- make the microtubules of the mitotic spindle
-self replicate during interphase
-also produce the microtubules of cilia and flagella
NEEDED FOR CELL DIVISION

Hint 58

- CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS AND MOST NERVE CELLS LACK CENTRIOLES AND THEREFORE CANNOT UNDERGO CELL DIVISION

Front 59

anti-codon

Back 59

- located on head region on tRNA

- determines which amino acid the tail of tRNA can pick up and bind

Front 60

translation

Back 60

- occurs within the cytoplasm on a ribosome

- involves translating the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein

Front 61

transcription

Back 61

part 1 of protein synthesis
- occurs in nucleus
- involves copying the nucleotide sequence from one strand of DNA to make mRNA

Front 62

nucleic acids

Back 62

2 types: DNA, RNA

chemical elements: C,H, O, N, Phosphorus

stuctural unit: nucleotide --> 3 subunits
- pentose sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogen base

Hint 62

DNA nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

RNA nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine

Front 63

carbohydrates

Back 63

- easily and readily available energy source for cell

-chemical elements: C,H,O

-structural unit: monosaccharide (CH2O)

Hint 63

- When many monosaccarides combine together by dehydration synthesis a polysaccharide is formed

in order to get energy from polysaccharid, glucose is cleaved off. in that process a water is added --> hydrolysis

Front 64

lipids

Back 64

chemical elements: C, H, O (P, N)

3 types: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids

Hint 64

neutral fats = triglycerides

1 molecule glycerol, 3 molecules fatty acids

function: energy storage, insulation, cushioning, protection

Front 65

primary level

Back 65

refers to the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Front 66

proteins

Back 66

most abundant organic chemical compound n body

2 types: fbrous (structural); globular (functional)

chemical elements: C,H,O, N

structural unit: amino acids

Hint 66

4 levels:
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Front 67

secondary

Back 67

chains of amino acids making up the protein may coil around in an alpha helix or may bend into a beta pleated sheet

Front 68

tertiary

Back 68

superimposed on secondary structure

Hint 68

For example: think of taking the coiled alpha helix and folding it into a spherical structure

Front 69

quaternary

Back 69

occurs when 2 or more polypeptides come together and function together as one unit

Front 70

proteins

Back 70

- over 400,000 proteins in human genome
-most abundant organic compound in cells
- 2 types: fibrous (structural) and globular (functional)

Hint 70

- made of amino acids

- primary structure determined by genes

Front 71

saturated fats

Back 71

- longer fatty acids
- siingle covalent bonds between carbons in the chain have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms
-solid at room temp

Front 72

unsaturated fats

Back 72

- fatty acids that have double cavalent bonds b/t carbons in the chain have less hydrogen and are called unsaturated fats

Hint 72

polyunsaturated= 2 or more dbl covalent bonds between carbons

monounsaturated fats = 1 dbl covalent bond

Front 73

oils

Back 73

shorter fatty acids; even if they have single covalent bonds bt carbons

liquid at room temperature