The Cardiovascular System

Front 1

The function of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

1. to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues

2. to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues

Front 2

Where is the heart's location?

Back 2

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

Front 3

What is the heart's orientation?

Back 3

Pointed apex directed toward left hip

Base points toward right shoulder

About the size of your fist

Front 4

Pericardium

Back 4

a double walled sac

Front 5

Fibrous pericardium

Back 5

loose and superficial

Front 6

Serous membrane

Back 6

deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of 2 layers

Front 7

Serous fluid

Back 7

fills the space between the layers of pericardium

Front 8

Serous membrane is composed of two layers.. they are?

Back 8

visceral pericardium

parietal paericardium

Front 9

visceral pericardium

Back 9

next to heart; also known as epicardium

Front 10

parietal pericardium

Back 10

outside layer that lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Front 11

name the hearts 3 layers

Back 11

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

Front 12

epicardium

Back 12

outside layer

visceral pericardium

connective tissue layer

Front 13

myocardium

Back 13

middle layer

mostly cardiac muscle

Front 14

endocardium

Back 14

inner layer

endothelium

Front 15

the heart has how many chambers

Back 15

4

Front 16

what is the atria?

Back 16

receiving chamber

right & left atrium

Front 17

what are the ventricles?

Back 17

discharging chambers

right & left ventricles

Front 18

right ventricle

Back 18

pumps deoxygenated blood

Front 19

left ventricle

Back 19

pumps fresh blood to the left pulmonary

Front 20

systemic circulation

Back 20

blood flows to the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

Front 21

right ventricle pumps blood through the ___________________

Back 21

pulmonary circuit

Front 22

pulmonary circulation

Back 22

blood flows from the right of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

Front 23

left ventricle pump blood through _____________

Back 23

entire body

Front 24

the hearts 4 valves allow blood to flow in only one direction to ________________

Back 24

prevent backflow

Front 25

antrioventricular (AV) valves

Back 25

between atria and ventricles

Front 26

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Back 26

left side of heart

Front 27

tricuspid valve

Back 27

right side of heart

Front 28

semilunar valves

Back 28

between ventricle and artery

Front 29

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 29

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Front 30

aortic semilunar valve

Back 30

base of aorta and left ventricle

Front 31

AV valves are anchored in place by ______________

Back 31

chordal tendinal (heart strings)

Front 32

AV valves are open during ________________

Back 32

heart relaxation

Front 33

AV valves are closed during ________________

Back 33

ventricular contraction

Front 34

Semilunar valves are closed during ______________

Back 34

heart relaxation

Front 35

Semilunar valves are open during ______________

Back 35

ventricular contraction

Front 36

The AV and Semilunar valves operate opposite of each other to ____________________________________

Back 36

force a one- way path of blood through the heart

Front 37

blood in the heart chambers does not __________________

Back 37

nourish the myocardium

Front 38

the heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of

1.

2.

3.

Back 38

Coronary arteries

cardiac veins

coronary sinus

Front 39

coronary arteries

Back 39

branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Front 40

cardiac veins

Back 40

drains the myocardium of blood

Front 41

coronary sinus

Back 41

a large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

Front 42

blood empties into the ________________ via the coronary sinus

Back 42

right atrium

Front 43

aorta

Back 43

leaves left ventricle

Front 44

pulmonary arteries

Back 44

leaves right ventricle

Front 45

pulmonary arteries

Back 45

carries oxygen for blood

Front 46

veins have superior and inferior ________________

Back 46

venae cavae

Front 47

superior and inferior venae cavae ____________________

Back 47

enter right atrium

Front 48

pulmonary veins (four) _______________________

Back 48

enter left atrium

Front 49

superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood ________________

Back 49

into the right atrium

Front 50

from the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, ____________________________

Back 50

blood travels to the right ventricle

Front 51

from the right ventricle, blood leave the heart as it passes through the pulmonary valve into the _______________________

Back 51

pulmonary trunk

Front 52

pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the _______

Back 52

lungs

Front 53

oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off by _______________________________

Back 53

blood to the lungs

Front 54

oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the ________________

Back 54

four pulmonary veins

Front 55

blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve _____________________-

Back 55

into the left ventricle

Front 56

from the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the _________________________

Back 56

aortic semilunar valve and aorta

Front 57

intrinsic conduction system

Back 57

nodal system

Front 58

heart muscle cells contract

Back 58

without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

Front 59

Sinoatrial node

Back 59

SA node

Front 60

SA node (pacemaker)

Back 60

in the right atrium

Front 61

Atrioventricular node

Back 61

AV node

Front 62

AV node

Back 62

at the junction of the atria and ventricles

Front 63

Atrioventricular bundle

Back 63

AV bundle

Front 64

AV bundle (bundle of His)

Back 64

in the interventricular septum

Front 65

bundle branches are in the __________________

Back 65

interventricular septum

Front 66

Purkinje fibers spread within the _______________________

Back 66

ventricle wall muscles

Front 67

heart contractions are initiated by the

Back 67

sinoatrial node

Front 68

sequential stimulation occurs at other __________________

Back 68

autorythmic cells

Front 69

heart contractions force cardiac muscle depolarization in one direction- ___________________

Back 69

from atria to ventricles

Front 70

heart block

Back 70

damaged AV node releases them from control of the SA node; result in slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate

Front 71

Ischemia

Back 71

lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle

Front 72

fibrillation

Back 72

a rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle

Front 73

tachycardia

Back 73

rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

Front 74

bradycardia

Back 74

slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

Front 75

atria contract ______________

Back 75

simultaneously

Front 76

atria relax, then __________________

Back 76

ventricles contract

Front 77

systole

Back 77

contraction

Front 78

diastole

Back 78

relaxation

Front 79

cardiac cycle

Back 79

events of one complete heart beat

Front 80

Mid to late diastole:

pressure in heart is _________

Back 80

low

Front 81

MTLD:

blood flows from passively into the atria and into __________________-

Back 81

ventricles

Front 82

MTLD:

semilunar valves are _______________

Back 82

closed

Front 83

MTLD:

Atrioventricular valves are ___________________

Back 83

open

Front 84

MTLD:

Atria contract and force ________________

Back 84

blood into ventricles

Front 85

Ventricular Systole:

blood pressure builds before ______________

Back 85

ventricle contracts

Front 86

VS:

atrioventricular valves close causes ____________________

Back 86

first heart sound, "lub"

Front 87

VS:

semilunar valves open as ___________________________

Back 87

blood pushes against them

Front 88

VS:

blood travels out of the ventricles through ___________________________________

Back 88

pulmonary trunk and aorta

Front 89

VS:

atria are ___________

Back 89

relaxed

Front 90

Early Diastole:

at the end of systole, all four valves are __________________________________

Back 90

briefly closed at the same time

Front 91

ED:

second heart sound is heard as semilunar valves close, ______________________

Back 91

causing "dup" sound

Front 92

ED:

atria finish refilling as _________________________

Back 92

pressure in the heart drops

Front 93

ED:

ventricular pressure is ______

Back 93

low

Front 94

ED:

atrioventricular valves _______

Back 94

open

Front 95

amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart ______________

Back 95

in one minute

Front 96

cardiac output (CO)=

Back 96

SV x HR

Front 97

stroke volume

Back 97

SV

Front 98

stroke volume (SV):

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in ______________________________

Back 98

one contraction (each heartbeat)

Front 99

stroke volume (SV):

usually remains ______________

Back 99

constant

Front 100

stroke volume (SV):

about ____ mL of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

Back 100

70

Front 101

heart rate

Back 101

HR

Front 102

heart rate (HR):

typically ___ beats per minute

Back 102

75

Front 103

CO= ____________________ x _______________________

Back 103

HR (75beats/min) x SV (70mL/beat)

Front 104

CO= ________mL/min

Back 104

5250

Front 105

Starlings law of the heart

Back 105

the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Front 106

changing heart rate is the most common way to _______________________

Back 106

change cardiac output