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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the five main types of blood vessels
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Arteries,arterioles.,capillaries venules,veins
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What are the three main types of artery walls
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Tunica interna or intima, tunica media,tunica externa or tunica adventitia
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The tunica intima consists of what???
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Lining of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium,(basement membrane)and a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic lamina
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The ________ is a continous layer of cells that line the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system.
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Endothelium
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Define Lumen??(arteries???)
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the hollow center through which blood flows
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Which layer of the blood vessels is the thickest and what is it made up of????
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The tunica media and it consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers that extend circularly around the lumen
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What is the outer layer called and what is it made of???
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Tunica Adventitia. elastic and collegen fibers
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In muscular arteries what separates the tunica media from the tunica advetitia
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external elastic lamina
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_________neurons of the ________nervous system innervate vascular smooth muscle.
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Sympathetic Autonomic
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the term for the vascular smooth muscle contracting is ________????
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vasocnstriction
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Smooth muscle fibers relax when sympathetic stimulation decreases or when chemicals Like ______,______,_____,________ and the resulting decrease in lumen diameter is called _________.
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nITRIC OXIDE,K+,H+,lactic acidand called Vasodilation.
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When an artery or arteriole is damaged it ________.
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contracts(vsoconstriction)
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The largest diameter arteries are called_______ because the tunica media contains a large propportion of ______fibers???>And their walls are relatively _______
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Elastic arteries ,elastic ,,,Thin
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The elastic arteries funtion as what???
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pressure reservoir
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Elastic arteries also called _____
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conducting arteries
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Medium sized arteries are called ______because their tunica media contains more _______and less ________.Making them very capable of contraction and dilation>
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muscular, elastic
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Muscular arteries are also called _____
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distributing arteries
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An ________ is a very small artery that delivers blood to capillaries.
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arteriole
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arterioles play a key role inregulation of blood flow by regulating ______.
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resistance
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Another name for arterioles is ______
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resistance vessels
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_________are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules.
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capillaries
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the flow of blood from arterioles to venules thru capillaries is called _____
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microcirculation
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The amount of capillaries in a tissue varies with __________
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metabolic activity
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________ are abscent in some tissues like cornea lens and cartilage
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capillaries
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Another term for capillaries is_____
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exchange vessels
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If tissue is active _______capillaries fill with blood
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more
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avessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies agroup of 10-100 capillaries is called a _______and the vesssels it supplies are called ________>
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metarteriole ,,capillary bed
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avessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies agroup of 10-100 capillaries is called a _______and the vesssels it supplies are called ________>
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metarteriole ,,capillary bed
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The distal end of a metarteriole,which empties into a_______has ________and is called a ________.
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venule,no smooth muscle, called a thoroughfare channel.
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At their sites of origin a ring of _____ called a ________ controls the flow of blood to a true capillary
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smooth muscle,precapillary sphincter
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Intermittent contraction and relaxtion is called________
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vasomotion
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Blood flows thru ___of a capillary bed?
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25%
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Name three types of capillaries????
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continuous,fenestrated and sinusoids
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_________capillaries have gaps between endothelium cells called ________????
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contiuous,,intercellular clefts
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_________capillaries ,the endothelium has many __________, small holes 70nm to 100nm in dia. These are found in organs like the kidneys choroid plexes,intestine cilliary process.
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fenestrated,fenestrations
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______ capillaries are wider and more wining,larger fenestrations,and incomplete or absent basement memebrane
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Sinusoids
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______collects blood from capillaries and sends it to veins
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venules
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The smallest venules are very porous and are a site that ________emigrate to inflamed tissues.
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Phagocytic white blood cells
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the three types of capillaries are________,_________and___________.
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continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid
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Capillaries that are a continuous tube of endothelial cells that are only interupted by small intercellular clefts (gaps between cells):thes are found in skeletal and smooth muscle,connective tissue and the LUNGS.
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continuous capillaries
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these capillaries have many small pores and are found in the kidneys ,small intestines,choroid plexuses,ciliary processes endocrine glands
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fenestrated capillaries
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____________are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Their endotheliail cells may have large fenestrations,no basement membrane and will allow passage of proteins. liver spleen anterior pituitary,parathyroid
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sinusoids
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When several capillaries unite they form small veins called ___________.
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venules
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veins are essentially the same as arteries with some differencesthe tunica interna is ________.the tunicamedia is much__________than in arteries.The tunica adventia is the ______layer and contains collegen and elastic fibers.
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thinner,thinner,thickest
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___________is a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter it's diameter.dense surrounding connective tissue supply support.
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vascular sinus
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Leaky venous valves can cause veins to become dialated and twisted in appearance.This condition called_________.
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varicose veins
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Tissues that receive blood from more than one artery is termed___________.
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anastomosis
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3 methods of capillary exchange are____,____,and________.
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diffusion,transcytosis, bulk flow
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The most important method of capillary exchang is __________they go down their concentrated gradients.All plasma solutes can use this method except proteins.
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diffusion
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_________is a passive process by which large numbers of Ions, molecules or particles in fluid move together in the same direction.This works from pressure differences between interstitial fluid and blood hydrostatic pressure.
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Bulk flow :filtration and reabsorbtion
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two pressure promote filtration(movement of fluid to interstial fluid)1_____________and2____________
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blood hydrostic pressure 2.interstitial osmotic pressure
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pressur-driven movement from interstitial fluid to blood capillaries is called _________________????this pressure is promoted ___________?????
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by blood colloid osmotic pressure
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overall the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered.Name Law
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Starling's law of the capillaries
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forced caused by the colloidal suspension of the large proteins in plasma that average 26 mmHg in most capillaries
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure(bcop)
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If filtration greatly exceeds absorption,the result is __________??
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edema(swelling)
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Total blood flow is _________,the volume of blood that flows in one minute
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cardiac output
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___________blood pressure is the highest pressure obtained in arteries during contraction.___________is the lowest arterial pressure attained in arteries during relaxation.
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Systolic,diastolic blood pressure
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mean arterial blood pressure is _____________?
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diastolic pressure +1/3(systolic BP-diastolic BP)
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If blood volume falls by _____% blood pressure drops.
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10
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Vascular resistance depends on 1.____-2._____3._______
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size of vessel 2.lenght of vessel 3.blood viscosity
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blood vessel length: for each 2.2 lbs of fat __________ of additional vessels
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400 miles
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two processes that help venous return are the ___________and the__________
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the skeletal muscle pump,,,,,the respiratory pump
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fainting ,a sudden temporary loss of consciousness, followed by recovery,most commonly due to cerebral ischemia(((a lack of sufficient blood flow to the brain)is called
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syncope
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__________ an excess decrease in blood pressure that occurs upon standing up,that may cause fainting>
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orthostatic hypotension
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the _____________of the ___________controls neural,hormonal,and local negetive feedback system
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cardiovascular center, medulla oblongata
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parasympathetic stimulation conveyes along the ___________nerves(___________)decreases heart rate
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vagus (cranial nerve X)
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the cardiovascular center also continually sends impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls via_______
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vasomotor nerves
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these vasomotor nerves continually send impulses to arterioles throughout the body,but especially to _________and ______--.the result is a state of tonic restriction called __________.
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skin and abdomonal viscera,vasomotor tone
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Barorecepters are located in the _______,________ ,and other large arteries in the neck.the two most important baroreceptor reflexes are the ______and the __________.
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aorta, internal carotid arteries,carotid sinus reflex , aortic reflex
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nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus receptors over sesory axons in the ____________.
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glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
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baroreceptors in the aorta reach the cardiovascular center via sesory axons of the _________________
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vagus nerve
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doctors sometimes use ___________ which invovles carefully massaging the neck over the ____________, to slow the heart rate in a person who has paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia ( originates in atria)
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carotid sinus massage, carotid sinus
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anything that stretches or puts pressure on the carotid sinus such as hyperextension of neck or tight collars may also slow heartrates and can cause ___________,fainting due to stimulation of the carotid sinus
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carotid sinus syncope
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chemoreceptors are located close to the barorecptors in the carotid sinus and the arch of aorta in small structures called ___________and _____________respectively.
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carotid bodies ,aortic bodies
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hypoxia is lowered___________, acidosis is an increase in___________,and hypercapnia is ______________.these chemoreceptors also stimulate ___________.
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O2,,H+,,,CO2,,,,respiratory center
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Hormones that increase or decrease BP:Epine or Norepine _________cardiac output,,angiotension II, ADH, NOR,EPINE, ___________vasoconstriction.atrial natriuretic peptide (realsed by cells in atria),nitric oxide,and norE__________ in blood pressure
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increase,increase,decrease
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the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to much metabolic demamds is called ____________.
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autoregulation
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warming promoteds vasodialation,cooling vasoconstriction.smooth muscles in arteriole walls exhibit ____________( the smooth arteriole muscles contract more forcefully )
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myogenic response
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vasodilation chemicals that are released from cells ( white blood cells smooth muscle cells platelets and endothelial cells )INclude_________,_______,______,and especially_____________
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K+<<H+>>lactic acid < nitric oxide
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vasoconstrictor chemicals include __________,___________,____________
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thrombxane A2, speroxide radicals, serotonin, endothelins
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the walls of vessels in the sympathetic circulation __________ inresponse to low O2 levels and the walls of vessels in the pulmonary circulation__________.
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dialate,,,,constrict
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___________is a resting heartrate over 100 BPM,and ___________is a resting heartrate under 60 BPM
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tachycardia, bradycardia
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the device usually used to measure blood pressure is a_________________
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spygmomanometer
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the normal ratio of systolic pressure to distolic pressure to pulse pressure is _____________
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3:2:1
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the failur of the cardiovacular system to deliver is called _______
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shock
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with inadequate delivery ofO2 cells switch from _________to___________for ATP production.
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aerobic, anaerobic
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___________shock is due to decrease in blood volume
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hypovolemic
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In _____________shock the heart fails to pump properly
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cardiogenic
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In ____________shock a severe allergic reaction releases histimine that causes vasodialation
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anaphylactic
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_______shock is caused from head trauma to medulla
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neurogenic
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____________shock is due to vasodilation by certain bacterial toxins
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septic
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___________shock is due to blockage
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obstructive
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the ____________portal vein recieves blood from capillaries of the gastrointestinal organs and the spleen to the sinusoids of the _________.
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hepatic,liver
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the _____ drains blood from the small intestine and portions of the large intestine,stomache and pancreas.
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superior mesenteric vein,
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the _____ vein drains blood from the stomach pancreas and portions of the large intestines
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splenic
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most of fetal blood does not pass from the right ventricle to the lungs ,as does post natal blood ,because of an opening between the right and left atria callled___________?
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foramen ovale
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the _________ bypasses some of the liver in a a fetal babie.
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ductus venosus
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the __________is a fetal bypass between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
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ductus arteriosus
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