The Blood/ Cardiovascular System

Front 1

The ____ consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels.

Back 1

Cardiovascular System

Front 2

_____ transports various substances, helps regulate several life processes, and affords protection against disease.

Back 2

Blood

Front 3

_____ is a connective tissue consisting of plasma in which various cells and cell fragments are suspended.

Back 3

Blood (the definition)

Front 4

While plasma is the extracellular fluid within the blood, ______ is the extracellular fluid that directly bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood.

Back 4

Interstitial fluid

Front 5

What are the three general functions of blood?

Back 5

transportation, regulation, and protection

Front 6

Blood transports _____ (to cells), _____ (to the lungs for exhalation), _____, (from the G.I. Tract to cells), ____, ____, and ____.

Back 6

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste

Front 7

Blood regulates ___ through the use of buffers, ____, and the _____ of cells.

Back 7

pH, body temperature, water content

Front 8

Chemicals that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones.

Back 8

buffers

Front 9

Give some examples of how blood protects us.

Back 9

It clots when there is an injury, white blood cells protect against disease through phagocytosis, and blood proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement, also help protect against disease.

Front 10

Blood, which is slightly alkaline, is about 38*C (or ____ *F)

Back 10

100.4

Front 11

When blood has a high oxygen content, it is ____ than when it has a lower oxygen content.

Back 11

brighter

Front 12

Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total body weight. The blood volume is 5-6 liters (1.5 G) in an average sized _____ and 4-5 liters ( 1.2 G ) in _______

Back 12

adult male, an adult female

Front 13

A liquid extracellular fluid that contains dissolved substances, and formed elements, which include cells and cell fragments.

Back 13

plasma

Front 14

Blood is about ___ percent formed elements and about ____ percent plasma.

Back 14

45, 55

Front 15

99% of the formed elements are _____.

Back 15

red blood cells

Front 16

The _____ is formed of White Blood cells and platelets.

Back 16

buffy coat

Front 17

Plasma is about ____ % water and ___% solutes, most of which are proteins.

Back 17

91.5, 8.5

Front 18

Proteins that are confined to the blood; they are synthesized mainly by liver cells.

Back 18

plasma proteins

Front 19

_____, which are the most plentiful plasma proteins, account for about 54 percent of all plasma proteins. They help maintain proper blood osmotic pressure.

Back 19

Albumins

Front 20

____, which compose 38% of plasma proteins, include antibodies, or immunoglobulins.

Back 20

Globulins

Front 21

Defensive proteins produced during certain immune responses.

Back 21

Antibodies/ immunoglobulins

Front 22

_____ makes up about 7% of plasma proteins and is a key protein in the formation of blood clots.

Back 22

Fibrinogen

Front 23

_____, which is the liquid portion of blood, functions as a solvent and suspending medium; absorbs, transports, and releases heat.

Back 23

Water

Front 24

The formed elements of the blood include ____, ____, and _____.

Back 24

RBC's, WBC's and Platelets

Front 25

What are some examples of WBC's?

Back 25

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

Front 26

RBC's and WBC's are _____, but _____ are cell fragments.

Back 26

whole cells, platelets

Front 27

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's

Back 27

hematocrit

Front 28

The normal range of hematocrit for adult females is about ____ %; for adult males, it is about ____ %.

Back 28

38-46; 40-54

Front 29

____, which is stimulated by the hormone testosterone, stimulates the hormone that stimulates the production of RBC's.

Back 29

Erythropoietin

Front 30

_____ is a lower than normal number of RBC's.

Back 30

anemia

Front 31

In ____, the percentage of RRBCs is abnormally high, and the hematocrit may be 65% or higher.

Back 31

polycythemia

Front 32

Name two risks that can occur if the viscosity of blood is increased.

Back 32

increased risk of a stroke, and high blood pressure

Front 33

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called

Back 33

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Front 34

____ becomes the primary site of hemopoiesis in the last three months before birth, and continues as the source of formed elements after birth and throughout life.

Back 34

RED BONE MARROW

Front 35

_____ is a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.

Back 35

Red Bone Marrow

Front 36

Red bone marrow cells contains _____ which are cells that have ability to develop into many different types of cells.

Back 36

pluripotent stem cells.

Front 37

As a person ages, blood begins to be made by ____.

Back 37

Yellow Bone Marrow

Front 38

____regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular formed elements.

Back 38

hemopoietic growth factors

Front 39

____, produced by the kidneys, increases the number of red blood cell precursors.

Back 39

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 40

A hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.

Back 40

Thrombopoietin

Front 41

small glycoprotein hormones typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells and maccrophages, stimulate white blood cell formation

Back 41

cytokines

Front 42

Red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein _____ which gives whole blood its red color.

Back 42

hemoglobin

Front 43

_____, which are mature red blood cells, are biconcave discs with a simple structure; they lack a nucleus and other organelles and can neither reproduce nor carry on extensive metabolic activities.

Back 43

Erythrocytes

Front 44

Cellular oxygen deficiency, called ____, may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood.

Back 44

hypoxia

Front 45

Based on the presence or absence of ___, blood is characterized into different blood groups.

Back 45

antigens

Front 46

There are at least ___ blood groups, and more that one hundred antigens that can be detected on the surface of red blood cells.

Back 46

24

Front 47

Blood types A, B, AB, and O fall under which blood group?

Back 47

ABO blood group

Front 48

The transfer of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream.

Back 48

transfusion

Front 49

People with AB blood are sometimes called

Back 49

universal recipients

Front 50

People with type O blood are called

Back 50

universal donors

Front 51

_____ are distinguished from one another by the shapes of their nuclei and the staining properties of their cytoplasmic granules.

Back 51

White Blood Cells

Front 52

White Blood Cells are able to leave the bloodstream by a process termed ______. During this, WBC's roll along the endothelium that forms bloody capillary walls, stick to it, and squeeze between the endothelial cells.

Back 52

emigration

Front 53

What are the three main types of lymphocytes?

Back 53

B Cells, T Cells, and natural killer cells

Front 54

____ are particularly effective in destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins.

Back 54

B Cells

Front 55

_____ attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria, and are responsible for transfusion reactions, allergies, and the rejection of transplanted organs.

Back 55

T Cells

Front 56

____ attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells.

Back 56

Natural killer cells

Front 57

Red Blood Cells outnumber white blood cells about _____.

Back 57

700:1

Front 58

____ is an abnormally low number of white blood cells.

Back 58

Leukopenia

Front 59

An increase in the number of WBC's above 10,000 u/L, is a normal, protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anethesia, and surgery.

Back 59

Leukocytosis

Front 60

Thrombocytes are _____. They are cell fragments that have a lifespan of 5-9 days.

Back 60

platelets

Front 61

____ is a series of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured.

Back 61

Hemostasis

Front 62

____ is the loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels, prevented by hemostasis.

Back 62

Hemorrhage

Front 63

The process of platelets contacting and sticking to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells

Back 63

platelet adhesion

Front 64

After platelet adhesion, platelets liberate the contents of their vesicles in a phase called _____. Liberated chemicals activate nearby platelets resulting in the decrease of blood flow through the injured vessel.

Back 64

platelet release reaction

Front 65

The ____ of blood clotting occurs rapidly, within a matter of seconds if trauma is severe.

Back 65

extrinsic pathway

Front 66

Substances that suppress or prevent clotting (are present in the blood)

Back 66

anticoagulants

Front 67

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called

Back 67

an embolus