The Blood And Lymphatic System

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Functionsof blood

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Transport materials

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Whatkind of substances does blood transport?

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Regulates, Prevents excessive blood loss, Fights infections

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Viscosity

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thicknessof a fluid compared with water

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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Tiny,biconcave disks - transportoxygen, No nuclei, Contain hemoglobin, Hemoglobin is heme (iron containing pigment) and globin (a protein) Hemoglobin transports oxygen and helps get rid of CO2 Average life span – 120 days

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Leukocytes(WBCs)

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5types – neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytesnWBCs

colorless, Haveto be stained to distinguish them from one another, Alsocharacterized by the shapeof their nucleus, presence or absence of granules, and size of the cells, 2categories of leukocytes – granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (w/o granules)

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Granulocytes

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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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Neutrophil

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most abundant leukocyte, Nucleus with 2 to 5 lobes, Lavender-staining granulesin cytoplasm, 1stto respond to tissue damage

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Phagocytosis

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engulf bacteria and debris

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Eosinophils

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Bilobednucleus, Red-staining granules in cytoplasm, Reduce inflammation by neutralizing histamine, Destroy parasitic worms, #’s increase dramatically during allergicreaction and parasitic worm infestations

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Basophils

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least numerous, Nucleus is U-shaped, Blue-staining granules in cytoplasm, Release histamine and heparin whentissues are damaged and in an allergic reactionces/repository

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HIstamine

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Dialates blood vessels

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Heparin

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inhibits clot formation

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Agranulocytes

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lymphocytes and monocytes

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Lymphocytes

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smallest, round nucleus with little cytoplasm, found in lymph tissue, Some are phagocytic and attackbacteria and viruses (Tcells), Some produce antibodies (B cells)

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Monocytes

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largest WBC, U-shaped, active role in phagoctyosis

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Thrombocytes

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(platelets)– small, disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryocytes, no hemoglobin ,Essentialfor the normal clotting (coagulation) of blood, Theaverage platelet count ranges from 250,000 to 500,000 percubic milliliter of blood

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PLasma

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straw-colored fluid portion of the blood – produced in the liverOver 90% water, the rest are solutesMost abundant solutes – plasma proteins

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Albumin

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maintains normal blood pressure and volume, plasma protein

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Globulins

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plasma protein, 3 types, aplha, beta and gamma globulins

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Fibrinogen

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vital role in coagulation processes (fibrin)

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Hemostasis

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Stoppage of bleeding. 3 processes- vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

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Anaphylaxis

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life-threateningreaction to an antigen

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Aniscytosis

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RBC size variation

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Antibodies

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produced in response to pathogens

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Antigens

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usually a protein that causes the formation of an antibody

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Basophils

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granulocytic WBC, granules stain blue

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Bilirubin

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orange-yellow pigment ofbile formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin

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Coagulation

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clotting of blood

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Eosinophil

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granulocytic, bilobed WBCwith red-staining granules

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Fibrinogen

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plasma protein, clotsblood

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Hemoglobin

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complex protein-ironcompound that carries oxygen

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Septicemia

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systemic infection –pathogens in blood

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Poikilocytosis

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RBC shape variation

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Thrombus

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clot

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Pancytopenia

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reduction in all bloodcells

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Anemia

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decreased oxygen-carryingcapacity of the blood – most common blood disorder

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Sickle cellanemia

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abnormal RBCs shaped likea sickle – inherited – most typically in persons of African descent

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Leukemia

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group of cancers of the red bone marrow cellsthat form WBCs,Excess production of WBCsTreatment – chemotherapy and bone marrowtransplant from a compatible donor

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Polycythemia vera

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abnormal increase in RBCs,granulocytes, and thrombocytes – blood becomes very thick (viscous)

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Multiple myeloma

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malignant plasma cellneoplasm – too many plasma cells that replace bone marrow and destroy bone

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Coombs' test

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blood test on Rh- women todetect the presence of antibodies for Rh incompatibility

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Hematocrit (Hct)

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testing % of RBCs

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Hemoglobin (Hgb)

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tests oxygen-carryingcapacity of blood – part of CBC

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Immune system

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consists of bone marrow,thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels

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Immunity

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state of being resistantto or protected from a disease

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Lymph nodes

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collection of lymphatictissue

Cervical, submandibular, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes

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Thymus

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located near the mediastinum (near the middle of thechest)

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thymosin

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which stimulates the redbone marrow to produce T-cellsٖ

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Spleen

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LUQ – largest lymphaticorgan, filters and stores blood, produces lymphocytes

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Tonsils

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1st line of defense against pathogens enteringthrough the nose or mouth

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Lymphoma

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lymphoid tissue neoplasm(abnormal tissue) that is typically malignant

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Burkitt’s lymphoma

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malignant neoplasm in thejaw – seen chiefly in Central Africa

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Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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progressive, painlessenlargement of a malignant tumor – typically noted first in the cervicalregion. Males affected twice as often asfemales.

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Mononucleosis

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caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Benign, acute infection of B cells Lasts 1 to 3 weeks, causes splenomegaly