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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origin of Life: Heterotroph Hypothesis
heterotroph? 2 parts |
- organisms that depended upon outside sources for food.
- parts: > Evidence of Organic Synthesis > Formation of primitive cells |
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Heterotroph Hypothesis: Evidence of Organic
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- Stanley Miller demonstrated this by uv radiation, heat, or combo + mixture of methane, ammonia, water could result in organic matter.
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Heterotroph Hypothesis: Formation of Primitive Cells
coacervate droplets? |
- cluster of colloidal protein molecules surrounded by water.
> absorb and integrate things from environment. > probably possessed nucleic acid polymers |
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Origin of Life: Development of Autotroph
primitive heterotrophs >> autotrophs |
- organisms capable of producing some of their own nutrients
> primitive photosynthesis. |
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Origin Of Life: Development of Aerobic Respiration
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- addition of molecular oxygen to atmosphere because it was a waste product of primitive autotrophs.
> atmosphere went from reducing to oxidizing. > ozone formed. > heterotrophs and autotrophs evolved way to use O2. |
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Origin of Life: General Categories of organisms
4 groups |
- autotrophic anaerobes - chemosynthetic bacteria
- autotrophic aerobes - green plants and photoplankton - heterotrophic anaerobes - yeast - heterotrophic aerobes - animals and humans! |
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Biochemistry: parts
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- Carbohydrates
- Lipids - Proteins - Enzymes |
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Biochemistry: Carbohydrates
what are they made of? what are they used for? mono/di/polysaccharides? how are polysaccharides formed? how do you break down polysaccharides? |
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1 ratio
- storage of energy or structural units - mono: glucose and fructose - di: maltose and sucrose - poly: starch, glycogen, cellulose. - from dehydration synthesis. - using water! hydrolysis. |
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Biochemistry: Lipids (Fats and Oils)
what are they made of? |
- composed of C, H, O, but have more H than O
> consist of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded to single glycerol backbone. > fatty acids: have long carbon side chains |
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Biochemistry: Lipid Derivatives
5 derivatives |
- Phospholipids
- Waxes - Steroids - Carotenoids - Porphyrins |
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Lipid Derivatives: 1 and 2
Phospholipids Waxes |
- contain glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group and a nitrogen containing alcohol.
> cell membrane and nerve tissue. - esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols. > protective coating |
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Lipid Derivatives: 3, 4, 5
Steroids Carotenoids Porphryins |
- three fused cyclohexane rings + 1 cyclopentane ring.
> cholesterol, sex hormones, and corticosteriods. - fatty acid-like carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and carry 6C rings at each end. > pigments that produce colors in plants and animals. ex. carotenes and xanthophylls - contain 4 pyrrole rings, complex with metal. > porphryin heme complexes with Fe in hemoglobin > chlorophyll complexed with Mg. |
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Biochemistry: Proteins
what are they made up of? primary structure? secondary structure? |
- composed primarily C, H, N, O's. may also contain P or S.
- polymers of Amino Acids > connected by peptide bonds through dehydrations. - amino acid sequence, alpha-helices/beta sheets. |
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Protein Structures
9 types |
- Simple proteins - entirely amino acids
- Albumins and globulins - globular in nature. functional proteins, are carriers or enzymes in plasma. - Scleroproteins - fibrous, structural proteins. Collagen - Conjugated Proteins - simple protein + nonprotein - Lipoproteins - protein bound in lipid. - Mucoproteins - protein bound to carbohydrate - Chromoproteins - protein bound to pigment - Metalloproteins - protein complexed with metal ion - Nucleoproteins - protein bound to Nucleic Acids, either DNA or RNA. |
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Protein Function
5 types |
- Hormones -
- Enzymes - Structural Proteins - Transport Proteins - Antibodies |
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Protein Function: 1 & 2
Hormones Enzymes |
- function as chemical messengers secreted into circulation. INSULIN/ACTH
- biological catalysts that act by increasing rate of chemical reactions > lipase, amylase, ATPase. |
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Protein Function: 3 & 4 & 5
Structural Transport Antibodies |
- contribute to physical support of the cell
> extracell: collagen in cartilage bone and tendons > intracell: proteins in cell membranes - carriers of material HEMOGLOBIN OR CYTOCHROMES - Bind foreign particles, start process of protections. |
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The Cell: Cell Theory
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- All living things have cells
- cell basic unit - pre existing can only create, no spontaneous generation - DNA is genetic information - Energy Flow occurs within cells |
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Cell Biology
11 parts GO! |
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus - Ribosome - Mitochondria - Endoplasmic Recticulum - Golgi Apparatus - Cytoplasm - Vacuole - Centrioles - Lysosome - Cytoskeleton |
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Cell Biology: 1, 2, 3
Cell Membrane Nucleus Ribosome |
- encloses cell, selectively permeable. consists of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded.
- cell division here, surrounded by nuclear membrane. contains DNA wrapped around histones > inside of this is nucelolus, where rRNA is made! - sites of protein production. there are free ones in cytoplasm and bound ones in ER. |
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Cell Biology: 4, 5, 6
Mitochondria Endoplasmic Recticulum Golgi Apparatus |
- sites of aerobic respiration in cell, supply energy. has inner and outer phospholipid bilayer.
- involved in transport of materials through cell. - receives vesicles from SER, modifies them, repackages into new vesicles, and distributes them to CELL SURFACE |
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Cell Biology: 7, 8, 9
Cytoplasm Vacuole Centrioles |
- most of the cells metabolism occurs in it. cyclosis is movement of cytoplasm through cell.
- like vesicles, are membrane-bound sacs involved in transport and storage. - specialized microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division, not bound by membrane. NOT IN PLANT CELLS. |
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Cell Biology: 10, 11
Lysosomes Cytoskeleton |
- membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes used in intracellular digestion.
> released by damaged cell when committing suicide = autolysis. - composed of microtubules and microfilaments, gives cell mechanical support, functions in cell motility. |
