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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the most useful tools in a day-to-day argument?
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• Set your goals and the arguments tense
• Think if you want to emphasize character, logic or emotion • Make sure the time and medium are ripe for persuasion |
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What is Cicero’s outline for a speech or presentation?
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• Introduction
• Narration • Division • Proof • Refutation • Conclusion |
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What is "Personal Goal"?
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What you want from the audience
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What are the 3 audience goals that Cicero suggests
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Change the Mood
Change the Mind Change the Willingness to Act |
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What is "issue control"?
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Mastering argument's chief topics of blame, values and choice.
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Aristotle called this kind of argument forensic. Its chief topics are guilt and innocence.
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Blame
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This is demonstrative or tribal rhetoric. Chief topics are praise and blame.
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Values
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This is a deliberative argument, the rhetoric of politics. Its cheif topic is the advantageous.
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Choice
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The issues of blame, values and choice deal with different "tenses". What are the tenses for these issues.
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Blame - past
Values - present Choice - future |
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This is argument by character - using your reputation or someone else's as the basis for argument. Its 3 aspects are virtue, practical wisdom, and disinterest.
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Ethos
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A good way to show your character is by showing what trait?
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Decorum ( your ability to fit in with the audiences expectations of a trustworthy leader )
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Irony
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Saying one thing to outsiders with a meaning revealed only to your group.
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The appearance of living up to your audiences values
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Virtue
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What are some of the ways you can show your virtue? (6)
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Bragging
Character Referance/Witness Bragging Tactical Flaw Switching Sides/Oposition Switch Eddie Haskell Ploy Logic-Free Values |
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The straightforward, and least effective, way to enhance your virtue.
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Bragging
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An endorsement by a third party, the more disinterested the better.
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Witness Bragging/Character Reference
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A defect or mistake, intentionally revealed, that shows your rhetorical virtue
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Tactical Flaw
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Appearing to have supported the powers that be all along
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Switching Sides/Oposition Switch
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Throwing your support behind the inevitable to show off your virtue.
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The Eddie Haskell Ploy
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Focusing on the individual values-words and commonplaces to bring a group together and get it to identify with you.
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Logic-Free Values
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What are 3 ways you can show Practical Wisdom?
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Showing off your experience
Bending the rules Appearing to take the middle course |
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An apparent willingness to sacrifice your own interests for the greater good.
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Disinterest/Selflessness
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Appearing to have reached your conclusion only because of its overwhelming rightness.
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Reluctant Conclusion
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Claiming that the choice will help your audience more than it will help you
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Personal Sacrifice
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Seeming doubtful about your own rhetorical skill
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Dubitatio
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What are the 8 techniques for judging a persons credibility?
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Needs Test- Does the persuaders needs match mine?
Compatable Experience- Has the persuader actually done what he is talking about? Dodged Questions- Ask who benefits from the choice. If you dont get a straight answer, dont trust that persons disinterest. "That Depends" Filter- instead of a one-size-fits-all choice, the persuader offers a solution tailored to you. "Sussing" Ability- The persuader cuts to the chase. Extremes- How does the persuader describe the opposing argument? Virtue Yardstick- does the persuader find the sweet spot between the extremes of your values? Code Inoculations- Be aware of the terms that define the groups you belong to, and watch out when a persuader uses them. |
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An argument by emotion is the seductive part of persuasion. It can change a mood, make an audience more receptive to your logic and give them an emotional commitment to your goal.
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Pathos
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Registering concern for your audiences emotions.
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Sympathy
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Aristotle said this is the key to emotion.
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Belief
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Underplaying an emotion, or gradually increasing it so that the audience can feel it along with you.
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Volume Control
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Avoid tipping off your audience in advance of a mood, they will resist it.
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Unannounced Emotion
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If you want to direct an audience's anger away from someone, imply the action happened on its own.
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Passive Voice
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You can calm an individual's emotion in advance by overplaying it yourself. This works well when you screw up and want to prevent the wrath of an authority.
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Backfire
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What are 4 persuasive emotions?
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1. Anger
2. Patriotism 3. Emulation 4. Humor |
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Name 6 figures of speech.
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1. Cliche Twisting: using overworked language to your advantage.
2. Word Swap: changing normal usage and grammar for effect. 3. Weighing Both Sides: comparing or contrasting opinions in order to define the issue. 4. Editing out load: interrupting yourself or your opponent to correct something 5. Volume Control: amplifying or calming speech through figures 6. Word Invention: figures help you create new words or meanings from old words |
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An argument by logic is called...
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Logos
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Applying a general principle to a particular matter
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Deduction
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A logic sandwich that contains deduction
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Enthymeme
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Any cliche, belife, or value that can serve as your audiences boilded down public opinion. It's the starting point of your argument.
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Commonplace
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Argument by example. It starts with the specific and moves to the general
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Induction
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Using your opponent's own argument to your advatage
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Concession
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Shaping the bounds of an argument
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Framing
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The 3 steps in framing strategy
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1. Find the audiences commonplace
2. Define the issue broadly, appealing to the values of the widest audience 3. Deal with the specific problem of choice, using the future tense |
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Name the 4 logical fallacies
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1. Bad Proof
2. Bad Conclusion 3. Disconnect between Proof and Conclusion 4. Rhetorical Fouls |
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The arguments commonplace or principle is unacceptable, or the examples are bad
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Bad Proof
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Two things are similar, so they must be the same.
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False Comparison
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Natural ingredients are good for you, so everything called "natural" is healthful.
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All Natural fallacy/Fallacy of Association
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Other kids get to do it, so why don't I?
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Appeal to popularity
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Uses too few examples and interprets them too broadly.
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Hasty Generalization
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Takes the exception and claims it proves the rule.
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Misinterpreting the Evidence
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Does wierd math with apples and oranges, often confusing the part for the whole.
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Unit Fallacy
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Claims that if something has not been proven, it must be false.
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Fallacy of Ignorance
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We're given too many choices, or not enough, or the conclusion is irrelevant to the argument.
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Bad Conclusion
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Squashes two or more issues into a single one
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Many questions
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offers the audience two choices when more actually exist
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False Dilemma
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Assumes that this moment is identical to past, similar moments.
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Fallacy of Antecedent
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Introduces an irrelevant issue to distract or confuse the audience.
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Red Herring
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Sets up a different issue thats easier to argue
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Straw Man
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The proof stands up ok, but it fails to lead to the conclusion
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Disconnect between Proof and Conclusion
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A logical redundancy; the proof and the conclusion are the same thing
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Tautology
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Takes the opponents choice and reduces it to an absurdity
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Reductio ad absurdum
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Predicts a series of dire events stemming from one choice
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Slippery Slope
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Assumes that if one thing follows another, the first thing caused the second one.
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Post hoc ergo propter hoc/Chanticleer Fallacy
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Mistakes or intentional offenses that stop an argument dead or make it fail to reach a consensus
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Rhetorical Fouls
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Its fine to use the past or present, but deliberative argument depends on eventually discussing the future
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Switching Tenses away from the Future
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Using the voice of God, sticking to your guns, refusing to hear the other side
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Inflexible Insistence on the Rules
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An argument that sets out only to debase someone, not to make a choice.
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Humiliation
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A form of irony used to debase someone. It often plants an idea in the audiences head by denying it.
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Innuendo
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Argument by the stick, it denies the audeince a choice
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Threatening
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When the audience is ripest for your argument
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Persuadable Moment
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Uncertain moods and beliefs-when minds are already beginning to change-signal a persuadable moment
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Moment Spotter
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Receptive, attentive and well disposed toward you
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Perfect Audeince
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If the current audience isnt ready for persuation, seek another one.
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Audience Change
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The 5 senses are key to the proper medium.
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1. Sight is mostly pathos and ethos
2. Sound is the most logical 3. Smell, taste and touch are almost purely emotional |
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The crafting part of a speech.
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Invention
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The 5 organizational parts of a speech
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1. introduction
2. Narration 3. Proof 4. Refutation 5. Conclusion |
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Choice of words that make a speech attractive to the listener.
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Style
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The 5 virtues of style
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1. Proper Language
2. Clarity 3. Vividness 4. Decorum 5. Ornament |
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The ability to speak without notes
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Memory
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The action of giving a speech
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Delivery
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