Texes 232 Domain Iii: Texas History

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Compare/Contrast Texas Natives to other natives

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Texas Natives:
-lived on the plains (Comanche, Apache, Kiowa), along the Gulf (Coahuiltecans), or in the woodland areas (Caddo).
-all lived off the land and were either hunters and gatherers or farmers.
-they were resourceful in making tools for their own use
-none had a system of writing nor did they have many scientific advances

Other U.S. Natives:
-lived in all parts of the modern U.S.
-all lived off the land and were either hunters and gatherers or farmers
-they were resourceful in making tools for their own use
-none had a system of writing nor did they have many scientific advances

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Western Hemisphere Natives

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Although there were thousands of tribes, the emphasis here was on the Aztecs and Incas. The Aztecs were in present day Mexico and the Incas lived along the Andes mountains of South America.
-they had advanced agriculture and trading networks; craftsmen and merchants were numerous.
-they were very advanced in making basic goods and luxuries
-they had writing systems, calendars, advanced math and medical advances.

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Lt. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

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The earliest known European to set eyes on Texas. Sailed along the coast in 1519.

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Cabeza de Vaca

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(along with an African slave named Estevancio. He was the first American on Texas land) was shipwrecked on Texas and explored and traded with natives in 1528. Second European to explore Texas. Estevancio was gifted in languages and quickly learned the languages of Native American groups and translate for the expedition.

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Coronado

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searched for the seven cities of Cibola; explored the southwestern U.S. and northern Texas in 1540. 3rd European to explore Texas.

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Cavalier and La Salle

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they claimed Matagorda Bay for France in 1685.

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Missionary activities in Texas from 1716 to 1789

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Franciscan monks from Spain set up numerous missions throughout Texas and the American southwest. The purpose of these missions was to convert the Native Americans and to "civilize" them. The most well-known missions were set up in San Antonio (Alamo), Goliad, and Nacogdoches.

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Colonization of Texas

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In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The Mexican government desired settlers in its territories and began to recruit colonists for Texas. The colonists had to agree to follow Mexican laws and to convert to Catholicism - both requirements were largely ignored.
In 1823 Stephen F. Austin received a grant to colonize the region along the Brazos River. He began to recruit Americans, primarily from the southern states, to settle in Texas. They were attracted by the promise of cheap land but they failed to take note of the fact that slavery had been outlawed in Mexico.

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Texas Revolution

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The colonists failed to become "Mexicans" and in 1830 the Mexican government forbid further American colonists from settling in Texas. Tensions increased between the colonists and the Mexican government. On October 2, 1835, the Texas Revolution officially began at the Battle of Gonzales. Tejanos who had been opposed to the dictatorship of Santa Anna joined the Anglo-American colonist in battle. The Texas Declaration of Independence was signed in March of 1836 but the Texans suffered many defeats in battle, including massacres at Goliad and the Alamo. Fighting continued and at the Battle of San Jacinto, the Mexicans were clearly defeated and President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was taken prisoner and Texas won its independence.

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The Republic of Texas

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The Texas Constitution was modeled after the Constitution of the U.S. It set up a 3 branch government with a bicameral legislature, legalized slavery, and began to deal with the threats from Mexico and restless Native Americans. Sam Houston was elected President of Texas. Houston and others believed that annexation to the U.S. was inevitable.
Mirabeau Lamar became the 2nd president of Texas and he openly opposed joining the U.S. But Houston soon returned for a second term as president (the Texas constitution forbade a person from serving two consecutive terms) as additional immigrants from French and German populations, and as a result the population of Texas increased about 7,000 per year. In 1845 Texas joined the U.S. as a slave state. J. Pinckney Henderson became the first governor of Texas.

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Law of April 6, 1830

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was passed in Mexico to counter concerns that Mexican Texas, was in danger of being annexed by the United States. The law that banned U.S. immigration and stopped slaves from being shipped to Texas.

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jose de escandon

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For his colonization efforts Escandón is sometimes called the "father" of the lower Rio Grande valley.

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fray damian massanet

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Massanet spent several years building missions in Mexico. Massanet's Tejas mission lasted for only three years, but it marked the first step in Spain's efforts to bring the lands of Texas under the Spanish flag.

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fransicso hidalgo

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Francisco Hidalgo writes a letter to the French Governor of Louisiana from his post at San Juan Bautista offering to introduce the French governor to Spanish merchants in exchange for the French supporting his unfinished missionary work in east Texas.

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moses Austin and his son Stephen Austin.

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Hoping to recover from bankruptcy with a bold scheme of colonization, Moses Austin meets with Spanish authorities in San Antonio to ask permission for 300 Anglo-American families to settle in Texas. It was granted. Moses Austin immediately set out for the United States to begin recruiting colonists, but he became ill and died on the long journey back. The task of completing the arrangements for Austin's Texas colony fell to his son, Stephen Fuller Austin. The younger Austin selected the lower reaches of Colorado River and Brazos River as the site for the colony, and the first colonists began arriving in December 1821. Over the next decade, Stephen Austin and other colonizers brought nearly 25,000 people into Texas, most of them Anglo-Americans. Always more loyal to the United States than to Mexico, the settlers eventually broke from Mexico to form the independent Republic of Texas in 1836. Nine years later, they led the successful movement to make Texas an American state.

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Mexican National Era

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the time where Texas was owned by Mexico, until the US took it over.

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Fredonian Rebellion

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first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico.

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George Childress

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a principal author of the Texas Declaration of Independence.

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Antonio lopez de santa anna

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Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

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William b travis

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led band of settlers to revolt at Anahuac over taxation; arrested by Juan Davis Bradburn

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james fannin

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a 19th-century U.S. military figure on the Texas Army and leader during the Texas Revolution of 1835–36. After being outnumbered and surrendering to Mexican forces at the Battle of Coleto Creek, Colonel Fannin and nearly all his 344 men were executed soon afterward at Goliad, Texas, under Santa Anna's orders for all rebels to be executed.

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lorenzo de zavala

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mexican statesmen that helped write the Mexican Federal Constitution of 1824 who later became ad interim vice president of Texas

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Joshua houston

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born into slavery. when Margaret married Sam Houston he moved to texas with the newly weds. became educated and a politician.

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mary maverick

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Mary Ann Adams Maverick, was an early Texas pioneer and author of memoirs which form an important source of information on daily life in and around San Antonio during the Republic of Texas through Civil War periods.

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maribeau lamar

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leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was the second President of the Republic of Texas. Opposed joining the U.S.

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the cordova rebellion

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in 1838, was an uprising instigated in and around Nacogdoches, Texas. Alcalde Vicente Córdova and other leaders supported the Texas Revolution as long as it espoused a return to the Constitution of 1824, but after declaring independence they sought to forcefully oppose the new Texas Republic with help from the Cherokee.

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the council house fight

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a conflict between Republic of Texas officials and a Comanche peace delegation which took place in San Antonio, Texas, on March 19, 1840. The meeting took place under a truce with the purpose of negotiating peace after two years of war. The Comanches sought to obtain recognition of the boundaries of the Comancheria, their homeland.[1] The Texians wanted the release of Texian and Mexican captives held by the Comanches. The event ended with 12 Comanche leaders shot to death in the Council House, 23 shot in the streets of San Antonio, and 30 taken captive.[2][3] The incident ended the chance for peace and led to years of hostility and war

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the santa fe expedition

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The Texas Santa Fe Expedition was a commercial and military expedition to secure the Republic of Texas's claims to parts of Northern New Mexico for Texas in 1841.[2][3] The expedition was unofficially initiated by the then President of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, in an attempt to gain control over the lucrative Santa Fe Trail and further develop the trade links between Texas and New Mexico.

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U.S. Mexican War (American Mexican War) 1846

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established the Rio Grade River as the southern boundary of Texas

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Jack Coffee Hayes

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a captain in the Texas Rangers and a military officer of the Republic of Texas. Hays served in several armed conflicts from 1836–1848, including against the Comanche people in Texas and during the Mexican-American War.

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John Bell Hood

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Hood's Texas Brigade. The Texas Brigade, also often referred to as Hood's Brigade, was an infantry brigade in the Confederate States Army that distinguished itself for its fierce tenacity and fighting capability during the American Civil War.

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John Magruder

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successfully defended Galveston, Tx.

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Battle of Galveston

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The Battle of Galveston or the Second Battle of Galveston was a naval and land battle that occurred on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War when Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder attacked and expelled occupying Union troops from the city of Galveston, Texas.

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Battle of Palmito Ranch

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a gentleman’s agreement precluded fighting between Union and Confederate forces on the Rio Grande. this was spited and created a battle. Confederate victory

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Quanah Parker

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He was one of the last Comanche chiefs. The US appointed Quanah principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. Parker is credited as one of the first important leaders of the Native American Church movement.

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Texas Rangers

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a member of the Texas State police force (formerly, of certain locally mustered regiments in the federal service during the Mexican War).

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Buffalo Soldiers

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African-American cavalry soldiers. Removed native Americans from west Texas.

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Jane McCallum

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discovered in a vault in the state Capitol an original copy of the Texas Declaration of Independence. She considered her role in restoring and displaying the document to be one of her important contributions to the state.

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LuLu Belle Madison White

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White served the NAACP. Supreme Court handed down its 1944 decision in Smith v. Allwright, which finally outlawed the white primary

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Manuel C Gonzales

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left a legacy throughout the Southwest as a defender of the rights of Mexican Americans.

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Oveta Culp Hobby

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the first secretary of the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairperson of the board of the Houston Post.

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James Hogg

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writer of rustic verse (1770-1835)

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Hector Garcia

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dedicated his life to fighting for justice and equality for Mexican Americans.

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Kay Bailey Hutchinson

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The first woman to represent Texas in the U.S. Senate, Hutchison also became the first Texas U.S. senator to receive more than four million votes in a single election.

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Barbara Jordan

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She was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction, the first southern black female elected to the United States House of Representatives, and the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Became an outspoken critic of unethical conduct by public officials.

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Eddie Bernice Johnson

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Eddie Bernice Johnson is a politician from the state of Texas, currently representing the state's 30th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. She is the first registered nurse elected to the US Congress

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Henry B Gonzales

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a Democratic politician from the state of Texas. He represented Texas's 20th congressional district from 1961 to 1999.

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Lyndon B Johnson

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signed the immigration act of 1965. Designed his signature "Great Society" legislation, which included laws upholding civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and the abolition of poverty

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James Farmer

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founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), believed to be the first black man in Texas to have a Ph.D.,

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George Walker Bush

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first governor in Texas history to be elected president

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Rust Belt to Sun Belt migration

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the huge migration of immigrant workers from Mexico, warmer climate, and a boom in the agriculture industry allowed for the southern third of the United States to grow economically. The climate spurred not only agricultural growth, but also saw many retirees move into retirement communities in the region, especially in Florida and Arizona.

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Spindletop

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The discovery of oil at spindletop began the texas oil boom.

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Compromise of 1850

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Texas gave up large portions of land for a payment of $10 million from the U.S. government. The land was used in the compromise of 1850.

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cattle and cotton. frontier Texas.

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cattle became a major aspect of ranching and farming life in Texas and more Plains Indians were replaced to accommodate the increase in ranches.

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The Oil Boom

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cattle and cotton were soon displaced by a new Texas "king" - oil. The discovery of oil at spindletop began the texas oil boom. oil and natural gas dominated the texas economy and town and cities sprung up around oil fields. oil continued to dominate texas economy until the 1980s when oil dropped to $7 per barrel.

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Texas 20th-21st century.

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In addition to oil and natural gas, the 20th century saw Texas economy move from agriculture to technology. Military bases emerged throughout texas, bringing with them numerous jobs and economic revenue. After the oil boom, texas economy began to recover in the 1990s with technology-based industries such as Dell computers and Texas Instruments.

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Stephen f austin

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empresario who established the first American colony in Texas known as the "Old 300". His nickname is "The Father of Texas"; had a good relationship with the Mexican government

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The Old 300

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The first Anglo families brought to Austin's colony.

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empressario

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spanish word for a land agent whose job was to bring in new settlers to an area

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Turtle Bayou Resolutions

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written to declare the colonist's loyalty to Mexico; stated that they would support Santa Anna for president of Mexico

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Which of the following American Indian tribes inhabited present-day Texas and is best known for construction of ceremonial mounds?

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Caddo

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Caddo

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The Caddo people are historically known for arranging soil and sediments into large mound structures. These structures served religious and residential purposes and were often used for ceremonial purposes too.

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To preserve the Spanish claims to land in Texas in the 1680s, Alonso de León was sent on several expeditions to:

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destroy the French settlement at Fort St. Louis.

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Which of the following was the most significant threat to the survival of the Republic of Texas?

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The Córdova Rebellion

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During the Civil War, most of the fighting between Confederate and Union forces in Texas took place:

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in the Gulf Coast region.

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During World War II, Texas became instrumental in the war effort by:

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vastly expanding its petroleum-refining industry to produce more fuel.

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Which of the following Texans revolutionized medical care by inventing a major component of the heart-lung machine and making open heart surgery possible?

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Michael E. DeBakey

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The Mexican-American War:

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established the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas.

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Early Texas Statehood, 1861

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Governor Sam Houston called a meeting to address the issue of secession from the United States. Governor Houston urged the delegates to vote against secession, but when they voted to secede Governor Houston refused to acknowledge the authority of the new government and he was deposed.

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Texas in the Civil War

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Although only 25% of Texas families owned slaves, support for secession was great. Many citizens believed that states had the right to decide the issue of slavery. Although many Texans joined the confederate army, very few battles took place in Texas. Those that did occurred along he coast.
On June 19, 1865, two months after the end of the Civil War, Texas acknowledged that slaves were in fact "free" (Juneteenth) and Reconstruction began. In 1866 James Throckmorton, a unionist, was elected governor. Secessionists dominated the legislature and they refused to ratify the 13th amendment (outlawed slavery). As a result, Texas Congressmen and Senators were denied seats in the U.S. Congress. Union officials removed Throckmorton and other officials from office.
In 1868 an election was held to determine delegates to a Texas constitutional convention. Most conservatives boycotted the election and "radicals" (those who wanted to grant full rights to freed slaves) won overwhelmingly. Under the new constitution the first governor was Edmund Davis, a radical Republican. The new legislature quickly ratified the 14th and 15th amendments (granted African Americans citizenship and the right to vote). On March 30, 1870 Texas was readmitted into the Union and Reconstruction officially ended.
Governor Davis began to deal with a series of issues, including the wide spread violence towards African Americans and a state education system. As general elections resumed the Republicans began to be replaced by Democrats, including the new governor Richard Coke. In a court challenge, Davis contested the election and the state supreme court ruled that the election of Coke was unconstitutional. Davis at first refused to step down, but soon did so and Coke became the first democratic governor of Texas.

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Jim Hogg

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In 1890, Jim Hogg, who campaigned on regulating big businesses and railroads, was elected as the first native Texan governor. He supported public schools and invested in teacher-training scholarships. Hogg also traveled the U.S. and sought investment in Texas.

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Alonso de Leon

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To preserve the Spanish claims on Texas he was sent to destroy the French settlement at Fort St. Louis.

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Cynthia Parker

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was a white Comanche captive who gave birth to Quannah Parker.

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Miriam "Ma" Ferguson

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served twice as governor of Texas (her husband actually ran the state)

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Henrietta King

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was the wife of Richard King, who was the founder of the King Ranch. After her husband's death, Mrs. King ran the ranch and became a major figure in the ranching industry.

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Ann Richards

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the first women elected governor of Texas in her own right.

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Lorenzo de Zavala

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first vice president of the republic of texas

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The Red River

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used to be the boundary of Texas and Mexico but is now the boundary of Oklahoma and Arkansas and Texas.