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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exploration
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Europeans tried to find the direct route to Asia. Queen Isabella of Spain granted Christopher Columbus to sail west. He knew the world was round. He thought he landed in India, hence calling the people Indians. God Gold and Glory.
After Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492, other Spanish explorers and conquistadors followed. The Spanish set up settlements in modern-day Florida and along the Gulf of Mexico. Other explorers followed, including Henry Hudson of England and Louis Juliet of France. The English claimed land in the northern sections of North America, including what is now Canada and the French claimed land in the Ohio River Valley, along the Mississippi River (Louisiana) and parts of modern day Canada. |
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Colonization
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Geography played an important role in where colonies settled. Access to water for farming and transportation was crucial.
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1607
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The first permanent English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. These people came here to farm and make money and they needed cheap labor. This farming community used imported African slave labor.
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Mercantilism
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The economic policy that shaped the colonies. Colonies simply existed to provide resources to the mother country. Colonies were not allowed to trade with other countries. This led to the American Revolution.
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Indentured Servants
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The passage from Europe to the Americas was paid by employers in exchange for a set number of years of labor (usually 5 years). Poor Europeans served as laborers.
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Mayflower Compact
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A document that passengers on the Mayflower signed prior to landing said that they were going to set up a government and that everyone was agreeing to abide by the rules set up. This concept of consent of the governed is fundamental in our democracy.
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Iroquois Confederacy
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An organization that united many native American tribes of the northeast together to settle disputes and to defend its member tribes. Formed as early as the 1400s and its cooperation between member tribes and its very "civilized" system of law and order was a great influence on American government.
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
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the first written constitution in the Americas
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House of Burgesses
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began the tradition of American colonists elected representatives to bodies of government. Was the representative body of colonial Virginia.
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Great Awakening
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Shaped colonial culture in 1600s-1700s. Religious revival that had its roots in New England theologian Jonathan Edwards fire and brimstone sermons.
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French and Indian War
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a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760. The main conflict in North America was over French settlement in the Ohio River Valley. Ended in British victory. The French lost its settlements east of the Mississippi River, including French Canada (however Quebec today still uses French as its primary languages.)
The results of the war would directly lead to the issues surrounding the American Revolution. After the French and Indian War the British tried to restrict English settlement so that conflicts with Native Americans would be minimized. They also increased taxes on the English colonists to pay off the war-debt that England had accumulated during the French and Indian War. |
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Taxation without Representation
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Definition of 'Taxation Without Representation'
A situation in which a government imposes taxes on a particular group of its citizens, despite the citizens not consenting or having an actual representative deliver their views when the taxation decision was made. Since colonists were not allowed to elect members to parliament, taxation without representation was a common complaint. Major cause of American Revolution. |
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Navigation Acts
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After the French and Indian War, the British government tried to control the colonists more. This led to a series of actions that are normally called grievances:
-proclamation of 1763- said the colonists could not move west of the Appalachian mountains -sugar act of 1764- taxes molasses; suspended jury trials; only buy sugar from British providers -Stamp Act 1765- required a stamp (tax) on all legal documents -Mutiny Act 1765- required colonists to quarter soldiers -Townshend Act 1767- taxed paper, tea, and other items |
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Articles of Confederation
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Served as our first Constitution. It got us through the American Revolution but had many weaknesses:
-federal government could not tax -federal government lacked an executive branch -federal government could not regulate trade -9 states had to approve any law *When it was written, there was a fear of giving too much power to the federal government. The articles basically united the country in name only. All 13 states had their own ways of doing things. |
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Philadelphia Convention of 1787 (Constitution)
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Representatives from 12 states met to improve the Articles of Confederation. James Madison had an outline for a new constitution but there were two main controversies:
1. small states wanted each state to have the same number of representatives. The New Jersey Plan 2. Large states wanted representation based on population. Virginia Plan. *Led to the Great Compromise. |
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Great Compromise 1787
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-there would be two houses of government
-the house of representatives would be based upon population with those states with more population having more members of Congress (Virginia Plan) -the senate would be compromised of two senators from each state (New Jersey Plan) -any law passed by congress would have to be approved by both the house and the senate |
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3/5 Compromise
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For every five slaves, three people would be added to the population count for determining representation in the house of representatives.
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Federalists and Anti Federalists
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FEDERALISTS: Those who supported the Constitution. Added a Bill of Rights in response to the complaints about a lack of protection of for individual freedom. One of the first political parties. The Federalists in general supported:
-strong central government -loose interpretation of the constitution -commerce and manufacturing -order and stability over civil liberties ANTI-FEDERALISTS: complained the constitution did not guarantee individual freedom. Thought the constitution gave the federal government too much power. |
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Democratic-Republicans
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Anti-Federalists. Supported:
-state rights over federal government -strict interpretation of the constitution -agriculture and rural life -civil liberties |
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Whigs
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Supported:
urbanization and industrialization state banks and support for businesses reforms for education and social problems |
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Democrats
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Supported:
states rights tradition slavery opposition to state banks |
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1776
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The Declaration of Independence was approved July 4, 1776. Written by Thomas Jefferson in Philadelphia.
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1789
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Bill of Rights were added to the Constitution. 10 amendments.
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1803
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Louisiana Purchase. 15 million dollars. Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore it. Doubled the size of the U.S.
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Boston Tea Party
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The Tea Act of 1773 forbade the colonists from buying non-British tea. This resulted in a boycott of tea and the Boston Tea Party. Organized by the Sons of Liberty. The British responded by shutting down Boston Harbor and they disbanded the Boston Assembly.
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
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Officially ended the Revolutionary War
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Winter at Valley Forge
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village of southeast Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River northwest of Philadelphia. It was the site of the headquarters of the Continental Army under George Washington from December 1777 to June 1778 during the American Revolution. The encampment was subjected to severe winter weather that caused extensive illness and suffering.
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Jacksonian Democracy is the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters.
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Trail of Tears 1838
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Jackson ordered the Cherokee, the Seminoles, and other Indians to leave their southeastern homeland and relocate to Oklahoma. The Indians had to walk to Oklahoma and many of them died along the way.
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Modern Day Political Parties
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Towards the middle of the 1800s, the two modern day political parties emerged:
Republicans: -anti-slavery -pro business -protestants -pro industrial revolution and urbanization Democrats: -supportive of civil liberties and workers -protective of immigrants -Catholics -pro rural famers -supportive of common man against a corrupt world |
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Manifest Destiny
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The continuous spread of the U.S. from the eastern to the western coasts was a result of the idea of Manifest Destiny. People believed that it was the destiny of the U.S. to encompass the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. As the U.S. expanded, the U.S. had to confront two major problems: conflict with native americans and conflict with mexico. Also conflicts between north and south as territories applied for statehood.
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Mexican American War
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In 1848, as a result of the Mexican American war, the U.S. acquired Mexican land that included California, Arizona, Utah and Nevada.
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Missouri Compromise
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There was an effort in Congress to keep a balance between slave states and free states. The first major conflict was in 1819 with the question of admitting Missouri to the Union. The Missouri compromise was reached in 1820. According to the compromise:
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. the northeastern parts of Massachusetts would become the state of main-the free state. slavery was outlawed in all territories north of the southern boundary of Missouri. |
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Compromise of 1850
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Admitted California as a free state. Passed the fugitive slave law which resulted in escaped slaves and in some cases free blacks being captured in the north and taken to the south.
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Sectionalism
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loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole. Like in the Civil War how it was union vs confederacy.
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1861-1865
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The Civil War.
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Reconstruction
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Radical Republicans wanted to punish the south and provide aid to freed slaves.
Specific aspects of reconstruction included: -In 1864, the 13th amendment to the constitution was approved that outlawed slavery. (led to sharecroppers) -Freedmen's Bureau was created to help freed slaves negotiate work contracts, distribute food, and set up schools. -To be readmitted to the union, the majority of the male population of former confederate states had to take an oath of loyalty to the union. -the 14th amendment was passed to grant freed slaves citizenship *the major economic effect of reconstruction was that the south finally began to industrialize. |
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Abraham Lincoln
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President during civil war. assassinated less than a week after the surrender at Appomattox court house. then Andrew Johnson became president.
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Jefferson Davis
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American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889)
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Emancipation proclamation
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During the Civil War, in 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in the areas of the country that had rebelled.
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Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House
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The last battle of the civil war where general lee surrendered to general grant. ended the civil war. the confederate surrender.
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Effects of western expansion and the Manifest Destiny
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increased conflicts with native Americans
increased conflicts with Mexico increased populations in the west national support of railroads that greatly increased the American economy increased conflicts of north and south as territories applied for statehood |
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Sharecroppers
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Farmland was rented by blacks. Rent and supplies were loaned to the sharecropper and had to be repaid when crops were harvested. Often crops did not pay off the debt and it would roll over to the next year. This began a cycle of servitude that tied freed slaves to land.
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Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
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greatly restricted the freedoms of former slaves and other blacks. In states where blacks had been elected to office, new elections and laws that restricted voting rights of blacks brought power back to whites. (literacy tests, poll taxes, property ownership requirements)
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Imperialism
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After the Civil War, the U.S. increased its role as an imperialist power. The U.S. wanted to secure trade with Asian countries and wanted islands to station naval bases. Open door policy with China said that all countries could trade with China.
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Panic of 1893
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The stock market crashed leading to a four year long depression. Causing factors: declining farm prices, international economic slowdowns, the bankruptcy of the Reading Railroad line. This made America focus more on internal issues than foreign issues.
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Spanish American War
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Cuban revolutionaries sought independence from Spain and the U.S. was concerned about protecting the vast American interests in Cuba. "Remember The Maine and to hell with Spain".
Results: -The U.S. annexed the former colonies of phillipines, guam, Puerto rico. -cuba became an independent country -Teddy Roosevelt who led the "Rough Riders" in Cuba became a national hero. The Roosevelt Corollary claimed that the U.S. had the right to interfere in Latin America affairs. The U.S. continued to have a strong presence in Latin America through the 19th and 20th centuries. |
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World War I
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WWI began in 1914 but America did not join to defeat Germany until 1917 when:
-the sinking of Lusitania by German u-boats -the Zimmerman note was a telegram that was intercepted in 1917. The note encouraged Mexico to declare war against the U.S. so that it could regain Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. -German submarines sank three American ships. Shortly after America joined the war, WWI was over. |
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Fourteen Points
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President Woodrow Wilson hoped the 14 points would lead to an end to all future wars. Called for the creation of the league of nations, which was an international organization that would meet to deal with international issues. His 14 points were included in the treaties however the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles so the U.S. never joined the league of nations.
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isolationism
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The U.S. after WWI. the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.
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World War II
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The Japanese attacking pearl harbor in 1941 led to the Americans declaring war on japan which led to Germany, the ally of japan, declaring war on U.S. The U.S. joined Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union to defeat Germany and her allies. Germany surrendered weeks after Hitler's suicide in 1945.
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Atomic Bomb
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Once Germany surrendered, the focus of WWII went to Japan. Japan refused to surrender so the decision was made to drop the atomic bomb on japan. After two atomic bombs were dropped, japan surrendered.
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Cold War
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U.S. vs Soviet Union
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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"A strong navy was the key to international power"
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Led the Rough Riders in Cuba. The Roosevelt Corollary claimed that the U.S. had the right to interfere in Latin America affairs. "Speak softly and carry a big stick". "trust-busting" ended monopolies.
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Woodrow Wilson
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Negotiated the various treaties that ended WWI. Came up with the 14 points plan to prevent all future wars. The League of Nations.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Asked congress to declare WWII on japan. He died so Harry Truman took over as president during WWII. New Deal legislation. Had to deal with the great depression during his presidency.
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Henry Kissinger
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Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War.
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Acquisition of Hawaii
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Became a territory of the U.S. in 1900 but became the 50th state in 1959. U.S. needed Hawaii for naval bases to fend off Japanese.
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Berlin airlift
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After Germany's surrender, it was divided into a western and an eastern part. The Soviet Union controlled the eastern part. The city of Berlin which was located in the eastern part was also divided between the victors. The soviet union decided to blockade berlin and not allow supplies into berlin. The U.S. responded by airlifting supplies into berlin.
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Sputnik I
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In 1957, the Soviet Union beat the U.S. in launching the first artificial satellite. The U.S. feared that this showed the Soviets were more advanced than the U.S. in science and technology. This led to more resolve on the part of the Americans to compete in the space race.
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Vietnam War
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Beginning in 1956, the U.S. began to support the south Vietnamese efforts to overthrow the Soviet backed north Vietnamese. Ultimately, in 1973, left Vietnam in defeat. Henry Kissinger is important here.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)
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In 1949 the U.S. and many countries of western Europe formed an alliance. This alliance called for a unified defense of any one country that was attacked by an outside power. The Soviets, rightfully, viewed this as an alliance against the Soviet Union.
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McCarthyism
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Senator Joseph McCarthy led a crusade to uncover communists in the U.S. During the 1940s and 1950s many prominent individuals were accused of being communists, including Lena Horne, Charlie Chaplin, and Arthur Miller.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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In 1962, the soviets placed missiles in communist Cuba. President Kennedy demanded that the soviets removed the missiles (because America was in the danger range of the missiles). Ultimately the soviets did remove the missiles. This conflict between president Kennedy and premier Khrushchev was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.
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the Gulf War
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With the dependence the U.S. has on oil from this region, peace in Arab world is a major concern. This was a reason that the U.S. chose to go to defense of Kuwait against Iraq in the 1st Gulf War.
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Marshall Plan
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After WWII, the U.S. wanted to ensure the economic recovery of Europe. The secretary of state George Marshall proposed a plan to grant $2o billion to Europe to rebuild its economy. The soviets viewed this as an effort to buy allies.
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Korean War
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In 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea(crossed the 38th parallel). The U.S. sent troops to defend South Korea. The war waged until 1953 when it ended in a stalemate. The border between north and south Korea remains the most militarized zone in the world.
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American Foreign Policy
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From 1945 until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the foreign policy of the U.S. was centered upon a war between communism and capitalism. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, American foreign policy has shifted its focus to the Middle East. With the dependence the U.S. has on oil from this region, peace in the Arab world is a major concern.
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Populism
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The average person is oppressed by the status quo. Populism was born as a political movement as a result of the Farmer's movement of the late 19th century.
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Labor Movement
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First: Knights of Labor(1879) membership was open to most workers who engaged in physical labor and the goal of the organization was to improve wages and limit work hours.
Second: American Federation of Labor (1886) organization of trade unions. They commonly used strikes and boycotts to force employers to negotiate for safer working conditions, better wages, and shorter work days (8 hrs) *Labor unions caused a lot of violence. *Had some government victories: -the creation of the labor department to protect the rights of workers. -government recognize the right of workers to peaceful picket and boycott. -a law mandating a 10 hour work day for railroad workers. -in 1940, the 40 hour work week became standard for employees involved in interstate commerce. |
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Progressive Movement
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The progressive era refers to a period during the 19th and 20th century when efforts were made to reform political, economic, and social life and to protect and advance the lives of average and disadvantaged Americans.
-progressive income tax. you paid what you could afford. -Hull House (Jane Adams). -8 hour work day -child labor outlawed -17th amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators. -19th amendment granted women the right to vote -Australian (secret) ballot was introduced -anti-trust legislation passed to reform big businesses |
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Antitrust Legislation
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an attempt to reform big businesses. A form of social justice from the progressive movement. Purpose was to break up monopolies.
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New Deal legislation
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the legislative and administrative program of President F. D. Roosevelt designed to promote economic recovery and social reform during the 1930s (during great depression)
-established the federal deposit insurance corporation to insure bank deposits -created the Tennessee valley authority to bring electricity to the rural south. -established the security and exchange commission to regulate the stock market. -Passed the G.I. Bill to provide government paid tuition for veterans -fair labor standard act that required a 40 hours maximum workweek and 40 cents per hour minimum wage. |
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Susan B. Anthony
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major leader of the fight for women's suffrage
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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The first African American to attend Harvard. founder of the national association for the advancement of colored people. (NAACP) Goal to approve voting rights and end segregation.
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George Wallace
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Governor of Alabama, called for "segregation forever" when he tried to physically block African American students from trying to enter the university of Alabama.
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Jane Addams
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funded the Hull House and other boarding houses that provided shelter, education, and other services to immigrants.
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Henry Ford
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first person to use the assembly line. greatly improved the pace of automobile construction.
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Martin Luther King Jr
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his belief in peace and nonviolence earned him followers and support from blacks and whites.
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Cesar Chavez
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led a grape boycott to highlight the treatment of migrant farmers in the U.S.
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Betty Friedan
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wrote the feminine mystique which was considered the beginning of a new feminist revolution. the book argued that women could find fulfillment beyond home.
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Malcolm X
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an African American leader who initially opposed Martin Luther King's nonviolent approach to securing civil rights. Malcolm X later embraced a more tolerant approach to race relations but was assassinated before he could focus on his peaceful new vision.
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ratification of the 19th amendment
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allowed women to vote. social justice of the progressive movement.
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great depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s. The U.S. was greatly affected when the stock market crashed in 1929. President Hebert Hoover believed that the economy would eventually strengthen so he rejected government relief programs. His belief cost him the 1932 election.
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passage of the G.I. Bill
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Passed by president franklin Roosevelt. Provided government paid tuition for veterans.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment.
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urbanization
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the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas
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immigration restriction
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immigration act of 1924 was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States
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globalization
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The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration.
Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. |
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terrorism
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the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
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laissez faire
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the government leaving the economy alone
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Brown V Board of Education
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supreme court ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
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In which of the following ways did mercantilism doctrine most influence the decision to establish English colonies in north America?
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It prompted political leaders to view national power in terms of economic competition with other nations.
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During the 17th century, indentured servants formed a much larger proportion of the population in Maryland and Virginia than they did in new England. A major reason for this was:
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differences in the agricultural systems of the two regions
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Many native American groups believed that, compared with the activities of French colonists, English colonialism posed a much greater threat to their way of life. why did they feel this way?
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English farmers were steadily expanding their areas of settlement.
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Which of the following consequences of the continental army's victory in the battles of Saratoga had the greatest influence on the outcome of the revolutionary war?
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France's signing of a formal alliance with the U.S.
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Which of the following was most necessary if the government established by the articles of confederation was to operate effectively?
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maintaining cooperation among state governments
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The activities of Harriet Tubman were most closely associated with which of the following cause of the civil war?
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violations of the fugitive slave act of 1850
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In which of the following ways did the Mexican war most influence the growth of sectionalism in the period before the civil war?
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the prospect of new land acquisitions provoked debate over the question of slavery in the territories.
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Radical Republican plans to take political control of the south after the civil war, protect southern unionists, and assist the freed slaves failed primarily because of:
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the refusal of most southern whites to recognize the legitimacy of republican state governments
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Which of the following groups of people constituted the main source of labor for the Chesapeake colonies before 1660?
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Indentured servants. (Indentured servants were the main source of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before 1660. Indentured servants were typically people who wished to emigrate but who could not afford to pay for the voyage to Virginia. People in this situation often agreed to work for a landowner for a fixed term (usually seven years) in return for the cost of their passage.)
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The establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619 was significant because it was the first:
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assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America.
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The British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 primarily as a way to:
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prevent costly conflicts between colonists and Native Americans.
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The Proclamation of 1763
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The Proclamation of 1763 was issued at the end of the French and Indian war and forbade colonists from settling past the Appalachian Mountains. The main purpose of the proclamation was to stabilize relations with American Indians through regulation of trade, settlement and land purchases on the western frontier.
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In agreeing to the Three-Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention, the framers delayed reaching a clear solution to which of the following issues?
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the future of slavery
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Which of the following developments during the Reconstruction period after the Civil War demonstrated an effort to counteract the reforms of Radical Republicans?
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the issuance of black codes
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The Progressive Era
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The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and political reform from the 1890s to the 1920s in the United States. Reformers were committed to addressing the waste, inefficiency, corruption and increasing disparities in wealth inherited from the Gilded Age.
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A major goal of Progressive Era reformers such as Jane Addams and Jacob Riis was to overcome the
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spread of poverty amid conspicuous displays of wealth.
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Which of the following was a significant objection raised by members of the United States Senate to joining the League of Nations after World War I?
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It could entangle the United States in future European military conflicts
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What was the purpose of the G.I. Bill of Rights passed by Congress in 1944?
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To provide educational and financial benefits to soldiers returning home from war
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Which of the following was a notable foreign policy success of President Richard Nixon’s administration?
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Establishing relations with the People’s Republic of China
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President Richard Nixon
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Nixon’s 1972 visit to China marked the first time a United States president had visited the People’s Republic of China. The result of the meeting was an important diplomatic document known as the Shanghai Communiqué, which stated that it was in the interest of all nations for China and the United States to work toward the normalization of their relationship.
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In which of the following ways did Franklin Roosevelt reorient U.S. foreign policy before U.S. entry into WWII?
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by increasing U.S. involvement in European affairs
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Which of the following best describes the U.S. reaction to the successful launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957?
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Fears that the U.S. has fallen behind the Soviets in scientific research made educational reform a matter of national security
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Progressive reformers of the early 20th century differed most from late 19th century populists in their:
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emphasis on scientifically based solutions to social problems
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The role of the federal government in U.S. society expanded most dramatically as a result of:
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economic depression between 1929 and 1940
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The civil rights movement of the 1960s sought to address unresolved issues that had been major topics of national debate during the:
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reconstruction era following the civil war
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Lexington & concord and the American Revolution
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In 1775 colonists fired upon British troops at Lexington and concord. "shot heard round the world". Signaled the beginning of the American revolution.
After Lexington & Concord, King George III declared the colonies in rebellion and Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet, "Common Sense" to convince the colonists to support independence. In 1776 the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia where Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence. It was approved on July 4, 1776. At the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 General Cornwallis surrendered to General George Washington. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 officially ended the American Revolutionary war. |
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battle of saratoga
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first true American victory. help from French as ally
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The American Revolution most influenced political developments in Mexico and other parts of Latin America during the next half century by:
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demonstrating that it was possible to overthrow European colonial rule
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Which of the following landforms most facilitated the emergence of early civilizations in Asia and Africa?
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river valleys that supported trade and provided fresh water for crop growing and human consumption
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During the Civil War, General William T. Sherman led Union troops in a march from Atlanta to Savannah. Which is the best description of the goal of this March to the Sea?
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Breaking the will to fight among southern civilians as well as soldiers.
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After the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson disagreed with Congress over Reconstruction policies. Which action by president Johnson best describes the grounds for which he was impeached?
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He dismissed a cabinet member without congressional permission.
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Tenure of Office Act
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president needed congressional consent to dismiss from office anyone who had been confirmed by the senate
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Which statement best describes how the Spanish-American War in 1898 shaped the international standing of the U.S.?
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The U.S. gained new international power by acquiring Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
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U.S. Secretary of state Henry Kissinger most influenced the course of the Cold War by:
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helping to slow the U.S. - Soviet arms (bombs) race
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During the Cuban Missile Crisis, what did soviet president Khrushchev demand in the exchange for the removal of Soviet missile launching sites from Cuba?
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A guarantee that the U.S. would not invade Cuba.
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How did isolationism most influence American society in the decade following WWI?
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It led to a system of admitting immigrants according to quotas based on their national origins
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The "sit-ins" of the civil rights movement during the 1960s were most important to which subsequent reform?
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integration of lunch counters, theaters and other businesses
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Under President Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal legislation sought to restore faith in the banking system by:
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establishing a corporation to insure bank deposits
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Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were both important figures in the American Civil Rights movement. Which of the following statements best describes a difference between their respective approaches to civil rights?
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King advocated non-violence; Malcolm advocated self-defense
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The Populist Party most contributed to the prominence of which issue in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
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the basis for U.S. currency (free coinage of silver)
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Ghost Dance
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(also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. According to the prophet Jack Wilson (Wovoka)'s teachings, proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with the spirits of the dead and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region. The basis for the Ghost Dance, the circle dance, is a traditional ritual which has been used by many Native Americans since prehistoric times, but this new form was first practiced among the Nevada Paiute in 1889. The practice swept throughout much of the Western United States, quickly reaching areas of California and Oklahoma. As the Ghost Dance spread from its original source, Native American tribes synthesized selective aspects of the ritual with their own beliefs. This process often created change in both the society that integrated it, and in the ritual itself.
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Treaty of Maastricht (European Union Treaty of 1992)
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The treaty led to the creation of the euro. One of the obligations of the treaty for the members was to keep "sound fiscal policies, with debt limited to 60% of GDP and annual deficits no greater than 3% of GDP."
The treaty also created what was commonly referred to as the pillar structure of the European Union. |
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Massachusetts Bay Society
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In 1620 pilgrims landed in what is now Massachusetts. The "Massachusetts Bay Society" was set up along strict Biblical principles.
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Roger Williams and Rhode Island
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A colony emerged in Rhode Island when Roger Williams, who had questioned whether the English had the right to take land from Native Americans, was banished from Massachusetts. Others joined him and they set up a colony that advocated religious freedom for all.
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William Penn
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founded Pennsylvania as a colony for Quakers. The Quakers were very "liberal" for their time. They practiced true religious toleration, opposed war, and opposed slavery.
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President Monroe
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During Monroe administration, 1816-1824, The U.S. grew and gained more power. achievements included:
-seizing Florida from the Spanish. -Missouri Compromise, Missouri became a slave state but slavery could not expand beyond Missouri's southern border. -Monroe Doctrine- said the U.S. would not allow European interference in Latin America. |
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President Jackson
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Andrew Jackson face a challenge with the Nullification Crisis. South Carolina threatened to succeed over the issue of whether a state had the right to nullify a federal law (in this case a tariff). Henry Clay negotiated a compromise and succession was avoided for a time, but the issue of states rights was still significant.
Jackson was also responsible for the Trail of Tears (1838). Jackson ordered the Cherokee, Seminoles, and other Indians to leave their southeastern homeland and relocate to Oklahoma. |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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1852. Story by Harriet Beecher Stowe, focused on the destruction of a slave family and humanized slaves.
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Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854
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divided the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allowed the residents of these territories to vote whether they wanted slavery or not. Thousands of supporters of slavery rushed to Kansas to vote. A period known as Bleeding Kansas followed where people on both sides were killed in large numbers.
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Civil War 1861-1865
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Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860. In April 1861 southern troops captured Ft Sumter in South Carolina. With this capture, the Civil War officially began. The border states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Deep South to form the Confederacy. The border slave states of Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland stayed in the Union and the western part of Virginia succeeded from Virginia to form the free state of west Virginia.
The Civil War lasted form 1861-1865 and resulted in more than one million casualties. At first the Confederate army, led by general Robert lee had many victories. Only after Abraham Lincoln was able to get General Ulysses Grant to take over the Union forces did the north have substantial victories. General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. |
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Battle of Gettysburg
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deadliest day in American history. In 1863 during Civil War.
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Booker T. Washington
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founded the Tuskegee Institute to educate African Americans. Washington did not publicly oppose segregation; rather, he said that during segregation African Americans should focus on self-improvement and education. Washington believed that African Americans should focus on learning skills instead of formal "book-centered" education. Eventually segregation would end and African Americans would need to be prepared to join the integrated world.
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Little Rock, Arkansas 1952
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President Eisenhower sent troops to Little, Rock Arkansas to protect African American students in the newly integrated Central High School.
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James Meredith 1962
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President Kennedy had U.S. Marshalls escort James Meredith to class at the University of Mississippi. Meredith became the first African American to graduate from the University of Mississippi.
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Clara Barton
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founder of the American Red Cross
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Amelia Earhart
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was the first female pilot to fly non-stop across the Atlantic.
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Helen Keller
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worked for the rights of those with disabilities.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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was an ambassador to the United Nations and active in human rights issues both in the U.S. and abroad
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Thurgood Marshall
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first African American to serve on Supreme Court.
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Who served as president of the United States
during the Civil War? |
Abraham Lincoln
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During the American Revolution, George
Washington — |
commanded the Continental army
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Which of the following was a cause of the
Great Depression? |
the stock market was not sufficiently regulated
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Japanese Americans were held in internment
camps during World War II because they — |
were labeled a threat to U.S. security
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Which New Deal agency established a pension
program that contributes to the income of retired workers? |
Social Security Administration
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• Unrestricted submarine warfare
• Zimmermann telegram • Cultural and political ties to Great Britain • Threat to democratic governments Reasons for the ? Which of the following phrases best completes the title above? |
U.S. entrance into WWI
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• Racial violence and discrimination
• Mechanization of cotton production • Demand for labor in cities The above lists some reasons for the twentieth-century Great Migration, which involved — |
African Americans migrating from the
South to the North |
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The Civil Rights movement’s strategy of
nonviolent resistance was most widely advocated throughout the 1960s by — |
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Southern
Christian Leadership Conference |
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After the Civil War, many states passed
Jim Crow laws intended to counteract constitutional amendments that granted former slaves — |
citizenship and voting rights
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Small tracts of land
Family-based workforce Crops mainly grown for personal consumption What type of economy is described by the information above? |
Subsistence agriculture
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• Outlawed discrimination in hotels, motels,
restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce • Prohibited discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funding • Prohibited discrimination in hiring on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin • Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Which of the following is described by the list above? |
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Difficulty in navigating the Drake Passage contributed to the U.S. decision to —
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build a canal in Panama
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• 500,000 Hispanics served in the armed
forces during World War II. • The Naval Air Station at Corpus Christi refused to treat sick Hispanic veterans. • Dr. Hector P. García founded the American GI Forum in 1948. Dr. Hector P. García founded the American GI Forum to ensure that Hispanic veterans received — |
the same benefits provided to other
veterans |
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• Famous Rough Rider
• First American to win the Nobel Peace Prize • Motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Strengthened the U.S. Navy Which twentieth-century U.S. leader is described by the list above? |
Theodore Roosevelt
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Which of the following is a primary result of
twentieth-century technological innovations such as computers and robots? |
Fewer assembly-line jobs for workers
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Which of the following was a cause of the
Korean War? |
North Korea wanted to unify the
peninsula under a communist regime. |
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the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet Union was unacceptable to U.S. leaders primarily because —
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the physical location of Cuba made large areas of the United States vulnerable to attack
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Which technological innovation most directly
enabled the construction of skyscrapers throughout U.S. cities in the late nineteenth century? |
Bessemer steel process
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1. Gilded Age
2. Cold War 3. Great Depression 4. Roaring Twenties Which of the following lists the historical eras shown above |
1, 4, 3, 2
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No Soldier shall, in time of peace be
quartered in any house without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. — Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution This amendment was included in the Bill of Rights as a reaction to — |
the forced provision of shelter for British
troops |
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The United States formed the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in response to — |
the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik 1
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In the 1930s, which countries were ruled by
dictatorships that were widely regarded as threats to the safety and security of the world’s democracies? |
Germany, Japan, and Italy
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Susan B.
Anthony believed the only way for women to acquire the “blessings of liberty” was by — |
voting in elections
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Which of the following had the greatest impact in encouraging the United States to become directly
involved in World War I? |
Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare
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What court case of the 1920s is associated with William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow?
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Scopes v. State of Tennessee
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Which of the following proved to be the major turning point of World War II in the Pacific?
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Battle of Midway
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The sinking of the battleship USS Maine was one of the causes of which war?
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The Spanish-American War
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Which war took place from 1914 to 1918?
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WWI
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What was the primary goal of the Marshall Plan following World War II?
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To help restore economic stability in Western Europe
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The purpose of the Interstate
Commerce Commission was to — |
monitor unreasonable
pricing policies of the railroad industry |
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One major cause of economic growth and prosperity during the 1920s was the —
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expansion of the automobile industry
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Which of the following addressed the problems associated with the rapid growth of cities in the late
1800s? |
Settlement houses
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Which of the following brought an end to the Great Depression in the United States?
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WWII
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Which of the following helped start the Great Depression?
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The stock market crash of 1929
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What was the main goal of reformer Susan B. Anthony?
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The extension of voting rights to women
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Which of the following individuals was one of the founders of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? |
W.E.B. Du Bois
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Laws in the South that enforced racial segregation in facilities such as schools and restaurants were
known as — |
Jim Crow laws
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E Pluribus Unum
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Out of many, one.
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Alexander Hamilton
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created United State's first national bank
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