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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of these statements about the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is true
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It is higher in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries
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All of these can bond with hemoglobin except
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HCO3
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Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by
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T cells
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Active immunity may be produced by
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Contracting a disease
Receiving a vaccine |
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Which of these statements about class-2 MHC molecules is false
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They are required for B cell activation by a foreign antigen
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Interleukin-1
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Stimulates ACTH secretion
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Inerleukin-2
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Stimulates proliferation of killer T lymphocytes
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If a person were to dive with scuba equipment to a depth of 66ft, which of these statements would be false
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The oxygen content of whole blood would be three times normal
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Which of these would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
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Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation
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If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant
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Decrease in the arterial PC02
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Erythropoietin is produced by
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The kidneys
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That affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased under conditions of
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Acidosis
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The bicarbonate concentration of blood would be decreased during
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Metabolic acidosis
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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried in the from of
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Bicarbonate
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If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally
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The arterial P02 would be normal
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The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is
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The vital capacity
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If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero
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A pneumothorax has probably occurred
The lungs cannot inflate The lungs cannot inflate Elastic recoil causes the lungs to collapse |
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The rhythmic control of breathing is produced by the activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in
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The medulla oblongata
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The chemoreceptors in the medulla are directly stimulated by
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H+ in cerebrospinal fluid that is derived from blood CO2
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Which of these statements about intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure is true
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The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure
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Which of these statements about gamma interferon is false
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It is produced by almost all cells in the body
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Mast cell secretion during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is stimulated when antigens combine with
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IgE antibodies
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Which of these statements about complement proteins C3 and C5 is false
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They produce pores in the victim cell membrane
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Which of these statements about the F portion of antibodies is true
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It binds to antigens
Its amino acid sequences are variable It consists of both H and L chains |
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Match the cell type with its secretion Macrophages
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Lysosomal enzymes
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Match the cell type with its secretion Plasma cells
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Antibodies
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During a secondary immune response
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Antibodies are made quickly and in great amountsAntibody production lasts longer than in a primary responseAntibodies of the IgG class are produced
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Match the cell type with its secretion Mast cells
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Histamine
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Match the cell type with its secretion Killer T cells
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Perforins
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Interleukin-12
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Stimulates formation of T1 helper
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Which of these statements about T lymphocytes is false
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Some T cells produce antibodies
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Which of these cell types aids the activation of T lymphocytes by antigens
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Macrophages
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Which of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection
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intrferon
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Which of these occur(s) during hypoxemia
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Increased ventilationIncreased production of 2,3-DPGIncreased production of erythropoietin
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During exercise, which of these statements is true
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The venous percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is decreased
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What are the two types of the immune system
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Nonspecific and specific
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What are some of the protection provided by the nonspecific immune system
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Phagocytosis, fever and release of interferons
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What are some of the protection provided by the specific immune system
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Lymphocytes specific and antigens
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Innate immunity
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Nonspecific Includes both external and internal defenses first line of defense
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Adaptive immunity
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Specific
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Phagocytosis
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1)neutrophiles
2)mononuclear phagocyte system 3)organ-specific phagocytes |
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Kupffer cells
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Liver, spleen and lymph nodes example of fixed organ specific phagocyte
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Chemokines
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Recruit to the site of an infection by a process called chemotaxis
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Extravcastation
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Deapedesis – neurtophiles and monocytes ability to squeeze through tiny gaps to enter the connective tissues
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Cells that commit suicide
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Apoptosis
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What is good about fever
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Fall in plasma iron, and increased activity of neutrophiles
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Endogenous pyrogen
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Rests body temp.
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Gram negative cell release what that can cause fever
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Endotoxin
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Interferons
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Nonspecific short acting resistance to viral infection
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Antigens
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Molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies and combine specifically with antibodies produced
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Antigenic determinant sites
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Large antigens which can combine with many antibodies
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humoral immunity
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combat bacteral infection also term antibody mediaeted immunity
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T lymphocytes
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slow in adulthood
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secondary llymphoid
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lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and peyer's patches
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fever
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swelling, redness, pain, puses, heat
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B lymhocytes
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antiboies
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mast cells
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create histamine
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IgG
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largest %, main form of antiboides
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IgA
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main antibody type in external secretion
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IgE
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responsible for allergic sympotm
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IgM
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big in size help IgG
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IgD
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unk
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how many different type of antibodies
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100 million trillion
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opsonization
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ablity of antiboides to stimulate phaogocytosis
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T lymphocyetes
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no antiboidees, specific immune protectionl killer, cytotoxic and t lmphocytes
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perforines and granzymes
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enter plasma of membrane and kill it
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primary resonse
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slow not always sufficent to protect person
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active
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2nd exposer fast - antigens 5- 14 last last long time
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passive
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immune protection that can be produced by the transfer fo antiboides to recipeint - immediate resistance 0 short term
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tumor
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t cells and natural killer sells failed
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natural killer
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different from t lymphocytes
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autoimmunity
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failure of the immune sytem to recoginze and tolerate self antigens
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hashimotos thyroiditeis
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antigen that does not normally ciruclate in teh blood
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thromboytopenia
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self antigen that is otherwise tolerated may be altered by combing wiht froign haptne
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theumatoid arthritis
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antiboidesi directied against toher antibodies
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glomerulonephritis
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not streptoscoccus - cross react with self antigens
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graves disease
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self antigens probs t lymphocytes - type I diabetes
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rheumatoid arthritis
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systemic lupus erythematosurs
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resiratory zone
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site of fas exhange between air and blood
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conduction zone
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conductees air to the respiartory zone
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what is the respiration
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ventilation, gas exhcange, oxygen utilization
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internal respiration
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blood and tissure and oxygen
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how many alveoli are there
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300 milion
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oxygen exchange
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diffuses
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Type I alveolare cells
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95%
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diaphram
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divides lugs from stomic
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visceral pleura
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covers surface of lungs
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ventilation
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compliance, elasticity and surface tension
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how much decress when inhale
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3mmHg
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Boyle's law
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V1+P1 =V2 +P2
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are the lungs very distensible
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True
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lung compliance
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change in lung volume per change in tranpulmonary pressure
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pulmonary fibroisis
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decreases lung compliance
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pneumothorax
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air enters teh intrapleural space
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RDS
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lack of suficient in infents,
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surfactant
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redues surface tension
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acute respiratory distress ysndrome
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septic shock
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quiet inspiration
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muscle contracion; contration of diaphram
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normal expiration
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muscle relaxation
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force contracion
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accessory repiration; inspiration helped by exterinal intercostals
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pulmoary ventilation
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flexibel thorax; inspiration and expriation
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quiet expiration
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passive
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anatomical dead space
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fresh air is inhaled mixed with air not all air is changed 150ml
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restrictive disorders
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pulomanry fibrosis; vital capacity is reduced
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obstructive disorders
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ashma
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dyspnea
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shortness of breath
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emphysema
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smoking fewer but larger alveoli
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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asthma, emphaysema - 5 th leading death in US
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apneustic center
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promote inspiration
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chemorecpetors
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detects pco2, ph, p02
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central chemoreceptors
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medulla oblongata
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peripheral chemo
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aorta and cartotid ariteris
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thalassemia
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fpredominally among mediterranean , alpha
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