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62 Cards in this Set
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Psychotheraphy
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use psychological techniques to treat personality and behavior disorders
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INSIGHT oriented therapies
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Goal = develop awareness and understanding of one's own feelings, motivations, and actions in the hope that this will help them adjust.
1. psychoanalysis 2. client centered therapy |
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Psychoanalysis
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Bring hidden unconscious childhood conflicts to consciousness
Techniques: Free associations Dream interpretation Analysis of Transference |
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Client Centered Therapy
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(humanistic theory influence)
Carl rogers - Gives client a more active and equal role to therapist Try to understand from teh client's point of view nondirective approach - therapist doesn't offer interpretations of why clients feel as they do Therapist doesn't suggest directions on how client may better handle problems Therapist shows unconditional positive regard for client Therapy goals - develop self-awareness, self acceptance, and self determination |
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Behavior therapies
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classical conditioning (desensitization, extinction, aversive conditioning - antabuse)
operant conditioning (behavior contracting, token economy) modelling |
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Cognitive therapies
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1. Stress innoculation therapy (Meichenbaum) - client is taught to suppress negative, anxiety evoking thoughts and to replace them with positive "coping" thoughts
I.e. substitute a secure thought for an insecure thought 2. Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) - Albert Ellis - teach client to recognize and change irrational self defeating beliefs |
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Group Therapy
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support groups
family therapy marital therapy |
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biological treatments
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A. Drug Therapies
1. antipsychotic meds (clozaril for schizophrenia) 2. AntiAnxiety 3. Antidepressant Meds (Lithium for bipolar disorder) B. Psychosurgery C. Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Eclectic Therapy Approach
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use ideas and therapy techniques from a variety of schools. Choose the approach that is most appropriate
-used my most clinical psychologists |
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Mental Illness
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term used for a group of disorders causing severe disturbances in thinking, feeling, and relating
they result in substantially diminished capacity for coping with the ordinary demands of life the symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms -anyone can develop one |
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abnormal behavior
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much of it is simply normal behavior greatly exaggerated or displayed in inappropriate situations
normal and abnormal often differ in degree there is a continuum from normal to abnormal |
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can mental illness be prevented or cured
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No effective prevention
no cures *but treatments can substantially improve the functioning of people with these disorders |
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Mental illness and Mental retardation
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they are NOT the same
mentally ill usually have NORMAL intelligence althought they may have difficulty performing at a normal level due to their illness |
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Length of Mental Illness
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mental illness if often TEMPORARY in nature
a previously well adjusted individual may have an episode of illness lasting weeks or months adn then may go for years, even a lifetime, without further difficulty |
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How many suffering from mental illness go untreated
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only one in 5 ppl who haev mental disorder seek help
only 4-15% of children suffering serious mental illness receive approrpriate treatment |
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criteria for distinguising normality vs. abnormality
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1. subjective discomfort
2. distorted perception of reality 3. bizaree or inappropriate behavior 4. dangerous to self or others 5. inability to cope with demands of daily functioning |
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Psychotic/Psychosis
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involves a loss of contact with reality
delusions - false beliefs (paranoid delusions or delusions of grandeur) hallucinations - false sensory experiences (auditory - hear voices- most common) psychosis may be substance induced or caused by brain injury, but most psychosis appears in the form of schizophrenia |
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models of abnormal behavior
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1. biological/medical model
2. psychoanalytic model 3. cognitive behavioral model 4. diathesis stress model 5. humanistic model 6. biopsychosocial model |
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biological/medical model
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view abnormal behavior as "disease" or illness rooted in physiological causes
genetic and biochemical causes ex. neurotransmitters/hormones/ brain damage requires MEDICAL TREATMENT |
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psychoanalytic model
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abnormal behavior is a:
symbolic expression of unresolved unconscious conflicts that have their origin in early childhood views abnormal behavior as stemming from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression |
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behavioral perspective
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view abnormal behavior as a learned response
learned INAPPROPRIATE or MALADAPTIVE behavior or failed to learn appropriate behavior treatment - reinforce/shape/model appropriate adaptive behavior and extinguish inappropriate maladaptive behavior |
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cognitive perspective
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assumes the cognitions (Peoples thougths and beliefs) are central to a persons abnormal behavior
our beliefs, expectiations, & perceptiong of events determines how we feel and how we act |
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diathesis stress model
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diathesis = predisposition to illness
biological factors may predispose a person to illness possessing the diathesis for a disorder increases a persons chance of devloping it, but does not guarantee that a disorder will develop environmental stressors transform this potential into an actual disorder predisposition X stress interaction |
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Humanistic model
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(self actualization)
conditional acceptance causes the person to develop a distorted self concept and worldview treatment: nondirective therapist shows unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic udnerstanding therapy goals: develop self awareness, self acceptance, and self determination |
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sociocultural perspective
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makes the assumption that people's behavior -both normal and abnormal - is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture
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biopsychosocial model
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= systems model
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classifying abnormal behavior
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the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV R) is the standard system used in the US to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior
utilizes 5 axes to describe condition..designed to be primarliy descriptive atheoretical - tries to avoid suggesting an underlying cause for an individuals behavior and problems |
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diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM IV R)
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1. observable, behavioral diagnostic criteria
aids reliability in making diagnosis (i.e. improves agreement among diagnosticians) 2. merely describes disorders and indicates the typical course for each disorder it does not attempt to provide a theoretical explanation of what caused the disorder = atheoretical |
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diagnostic label
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A. benefits of labelling
1. may help in selecting appropriate treatment 2. helps communications needed in doing reserach B. Potential problems of labelling 1. may influence the way a person is perceived and treated by others 2. may also effect how a person views themselves problems of stigma and self fullfilling prophecy you might become guarded adn suspicious lest someone recognize your disorder..or you might be chronically on edge, fearing the onset of another episode |
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Mood or affective disorders
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1. major depression
2. bipolar disorder (manic depressive disorder) people who experience extremes of mood - deep depression or wild elation for long periods of time or shit from one extreme to the other or when these moods are not consistent with events |
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Major depression
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most commonly diagnosed emotional problem
2-3 times more common in women vs. men symptoms: affective cognitive behavioral only when depression is serious, lasting, and well beyond the typical reaction to a stressful life event it it classified as a mood disorder |
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depression in college students
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11.8% in college tsudents (14.3% females; 7.3% males)
5.2% in the general population (7.4 females; 2.8 males) college students frequently feel overwhelmved 45% said felt depressed w/ in last school year |
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Link b/w substance abuse and depression
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-frequently co-occur
-smokers and alcohol abusers more liekly to be depressed -individuals w/ depression more liely to abuse marijuana and become dependent explaining the link: -substance abuse as a means of self medication -depression as a result of physiological and social effects of frequent substance use -shared genetic risks -dysfuctional faimly evnironment -life stress |
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recovery of depression
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-most ppl return to a normal or nearly normal mood when their depression lifts
about 1/2 of ppl w/ unipolar depression recover w/in 6 weeks, and 90% w/in a year great majority of ppl with major depression have repeated episodes of depression later in their lives over the course of a lifetime, the average person with major depression can expect to have 4 episodes |
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bipolar disorder
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=manic depressive disorder
much less common vs major depression equally prevalent in men and women has a strong biological component than in major depression |
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causes of mood disorders
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1. biological factors
A. genetics -plays a role in bipolar disorder B. chemical imbalances in brain - antidepressant medication restores a chemical balance effect neurotransmitter level 2. psychological factors A. cognitive factors - irrational thoughts - cognitive trian 3. social factors link b/w depression and troubled close relationships, poverty, social unrest, family chaos |
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cognitive triad
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(in depression)
negative view of self negative view of the world negative view of the future |
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who is at risk for depression
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1. genetic susceptibility
2. difficult family environment 3. negative attributional style 4. poor problem solving skills 5. loneliness 6. lifestyle changes and stress |
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why females at greater risk for depression
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history of physical or sexual abuse
less adaptive coping and problem solving skills greater dissatisfaction with body image stereotypical female traits (low self confidence or assertiveness) |
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dissorders that commonly co occur with depression in college students
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anxiety disorders
eating disorders substance abuse students w/ co occurring disorders expreience greater impairment and are more difficult to treat |
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anxiety disorders & types
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anxiety is very intense, long standing, or disruptive
person doesn't know why they are afraid or their anxiety is inappropriate to the situation types: 1. phobic disorders 2. generalized anxiety disorder 3. panic disorder 4. obsessive compulive disorder 5. post traumatic stress disorder |
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phobi disorders
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persistent, excessive, unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation
panic and are terrified when exposed to feared stimulus so they avoid the feared stimulus phobic person usually realizes their fear is unreasonable and makes no sense but they cant keep it form interfering with their daily life more common in women public speaking = most common phobia |
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genearlized anxiety disorder
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persistent, chrnoic, excessive long lasting anxiety
not focused on any particular object or situation - free floating anxiety |
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panic disorder
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sudden attack of intense fear or terror without any reasonable identifiable cause
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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OCD
obsessions - involuntary thoughts or ideas that reoccur despite person's attempts to stop them = intrusive thoughts (common obsession = contamination & violent or sexual thoughts) compulsions - repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that the person feels compelled to perform ex. repetitive handwashing, checking, or counting behaviors if person tries to stop compulsive behavior they typically experience increased anxiety ocd tend to run in families |
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post traumatic stress disorder
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PTSD
following a trauma - anxiety symptoms may appear days, wks, yrs later symptoms include: reliving event in dreams and vivid memories -flashbacks, irritability, guilt -difficulty relating emotionally to others -substance abuse -avoid stimuli that remind them of traumatic event |
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dissociative disorders
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some aspect of personality seems separate from teh rest
Types: dissociative amnesia - loss of memory for past without organic cause 2. dissociative fugue - involves flight from home - assumption of a new identity - with amnesia for past identity and events 3. dissociative identity disorder (DID) = multiple personality disorder IS NOT same as schizophrenia most cases are associated with early childhood sexual abuse DID is associated w/ a high level of hypnotizability |
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personality disorders
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involves inflexible and maladaptive
ways of thinking and behaving pattern is stable (over time and across situations) and long lasting - highly resistant to change learned early in life - its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood it produces significant distress or impairment the behavior deviates from the social and behavioral expections of the individual's culture |
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types of personality disorders
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1. paranoid
2. dependent 3. narcissistic 4. borderline 5. antisocial |
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schizophrenia/symptoms
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-very greatly and so do its triggers, course, and response to treatment
schiz b/c chronic in 1/2 ppl who ezperience a schizo episode about 1/4 recover completely about 1/4 experience recurrent episodes but are able to function w/ minimal impairment symptoms: 1. loss of contact with reality 2. disordered thoughts, communications 3. inappropriate emotions 4. bizarre behavior |
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post traumatic stress disorder
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PTSD
following a trauma - anxiety symptoms may appear days, wks, yrs later symptoms include: reliving event in dreams and vivid memories -flashbacks, irritability, guilt -difficulty relating emotionally to others -substance abuse -avoid stimuli that remind them of traumatic event |
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dissociative disorders
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some aspect of personality seems separate from teh rest
Types: dissociative amnesia - loss of memory for past without organic cause 2. dissociative fugue - involves flight from home - assumption of a new identity - with amnesia for past identity and events 3. dissociative identity disorder (DID) = multiple personality disorder IS NOT same as schizophrenia most cases are associated with early childhood sexual abuse DID is associated w/ a high level of hypnotizability |
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personality disorders
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involves inflexible and maladaptive
ways of thinking and behaving pattern is stable (over time and across situations) and long lasting - highly resistant to change learned early in life - its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood it produces significant distress or impairment the behavior deviates from the social and behavioral expections of the individual's culture |
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types of personality disorders
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1. paranoid
2. dependent 3. narcissistic 4. borderline 5. antisocial |
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schizophrenia/symptoms
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-very greatly and so do its triggers, course, and response to treatment
schiz b/c chronic in 1/2 ppl who ezperience a schizo episode about 1/4 recover completely about 1/4 experience recurrent episodes but are able to function w/ minimal impairment symptoms: 1. loss of contact with reality 2. disordered thoughts, communications 3. inappropriate emotions 4. bizarre behavior |
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loss of contact with reality
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hallucinations
delusions |
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disordered thoguhts, communications
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loosening of associations
incoherence clang associations neologisms |
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inappropriate emotions
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blunted or flat affect
inappropriate shifts in mood |
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bizarre behavior
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marked hyperactively or inactivity
bizarre repetitive behaviors |
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other symptoms of schizophrenia
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-loss of volition (no motivation, no energy, no goal directed behavior)
-social withdrawal -poverty of speech - reduction in speech or speech content |
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schizophrenia diagnostic criteria
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1. symptoms lasting at least 6 months
2. not due to direct physiological effects of drug abuse or medication or general medical condition 3. must show deterioration in work, social relations, and ability to care for themselves |
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shizophrenia facts
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occurs in 1 in 100 ppl
most cases appear b/w 16-25 years occurence after 40 is rare 80% relapse rate when medication is discontinued appears in all socioeconomic groups (but more frequently in the lower levels - may be "downward drift" since cant function) equal numbers of men and women are affected for men the disorder often begins earlier and is more severe associated with an increased risk of suicide -1/4 recover completely - majority continue to have at least some residiual problems for the rest of their lives fuller recovery more likely in ppl who: functioned quite well b4 the disorder (had good premorbid functioning) or whose disorder was: first triggered by stress, came on abruptly, or developed during middle age |