Test Review Chp. 15,16:2-3,17:4

Front 1

charles darwin

Back 1

his observations led to a revolutionary theory about the way life changes over time

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artificial selection

Back 2

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits

Front 3

natural selection

Back 3

organisms that survive better in their environment, tend to make more offspring..

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survival of the fittest

Back 4

animals are able to survive & reproduce

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fitness

Back 5

being able to compete with population in their environment

Front 6

adaptation

Back 6

gradual process where a species changes over time to survive in their enviroment

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heritable

Back 7

able to inherit

Front 8

Descent with modification

Back 8

Change in the genetic material throughout generations and creating genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.

Front 9

Evidence for Evolution

Back 9

ancient organism remains, fossil layers, similarities among organisms alive today, similarities in DNA, and similarities of embryos.

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fossil record

Back 10

history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock

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geographic distribution of living species

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when all the land was once togather now its apart and some of the species that lived on land that turn out to becoming an island its species went along to it.

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Homologous Structures

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Structures derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental origin

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Vestigial structures

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refers to an organ or part (for example, the human appendix) which is greatly reduced from the original ancestral form and is no longer functional or is of reduced or altered function.

Front 14

similarities in embryology

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An embryo is an unborn (or unhatched) animal or human young in its earliest phases. Embryos of many different kinds of animals: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, etc. look very similar and it is often difficult to tell them apart

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Genetic variation

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variation in alleles of genes

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gene pool

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the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

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allele relative frequency

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how often that gene will occur in an individuals DNA.

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mutations

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change/ defect in genes/dna

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Directional selection

Back 19

Change in environmental conditions causing one phenotype to replace another in the gene pool; change does not occur on individual basis (only on the entire species)

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stabilizing selection

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It is a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

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disruptive selection

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occurs when selection favors the extreme trait values over the intermediate trait values

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genetic drift

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The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time

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hardy-Weinberg principle

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A fundamental principle in population genetics stating that the genotype frequencies and gene frequencies of a large, randomly mating population remain constant provided immigration, mutation, and selection do not take place.

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speciation

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evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

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species

Back 25

a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants

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reproductive isolation

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the conditions, as physiological or behavioral differences or geographical barriers, that prevent potentially interbreeding populations from cross-fertilization.

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behavioral isolation

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Behavioral isolation is the activity or mechanisms that an organisms take up so as to avoid mating with each other organism from a different species

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geographic isolation

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speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other

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temporal isolation

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is genetic isolation achieved due to temporal differences in breeding

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adaptive radiation

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the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

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convergent evolution

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where several unrelated species have evolved to share a similar characteristic

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Coevolution

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the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object

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punctuated equilibrium

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The theory that speciation occurs in spurts of major genetic alterations that punctuate long periods of little change.