Test Number One

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Act Utilitarianism

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A utilitarian theory of ethics which states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces at least as much happiness as any other act that the person could perform at the time

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Rule Utilitarianism

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aform of utilitarianism that states an action is right as it conformsto a rulethat leads to the greatest good, or that “the rightness orwrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness ofthe rule of which it is an instance.”

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Philosophy:

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“loveof wisdom;” the academic discipline that deals primarily withmetaphysics, logic, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, andsocio-political theory.

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Metaphysics

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abranch of philosophy that studies Reality and asks questions aboutreality.

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Epistemology

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branchof philosophy that deals with knowledge and questions aboutknowledge, and how we know

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Logic

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branchof philosophy that deals with the use of clear and valid reasoning.

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Ethics

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branchof philosophy that deals with questions about the “good life,”virtue, justice, and morality.

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Aesthetics

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branchof philosophy studies the nature of art and beauty.

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Rationalism

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branchof epistemology which holds that knowledge comes from the use ofrationality and/or innate ideas.

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Empiricism

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branch ofepistemology which holds that knowledge comes from sense-data.

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Eudaimonia:

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Greekword meaning, “well-being, happiness, or “human flourishing"

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SocraticMethod

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a“technique of probing questions, for the purpose of prodding,pushing, and provoking unreflective persons into realizing their lackof rational understanding of their own principles of thought andaction, so that they can set out on the path to philosophicalwisdom.”

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Primarybranches of Western Philosophy:

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Metaphysics,epistemology, logic, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.

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Metaphysics

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thebranch of philosophy that deals with questions about the nature andstructure of reality.

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Epistemology

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thebranch of philosophy that deals with questions about knowledge.

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Ethics

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thebranch of philosophy that deals with questions about the “goodlife,” virtue, justice, and morality.

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Logic

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thebranch of philosophy that investigates the correct principles offormal reasoning.

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TranscendentalIdealism

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namegiven to Immanuel Kant’s overall philosophy that claims, “Webring innate forms and concepts to the raw experience of the world,which would otherwise be unknowable.”

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Socratesstated

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theunexamined life is not worth living?

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Tautology

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the term used inlogic to describe any statement that is “true by definition,” or“true in all possible cases,” (aka, a “circular statement?”)

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Deduction

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alogical method used to demonstrate that one truth claim (or theory)follows validly (necessarily) from one or more other truth claims (ortheories.)

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Induction:

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isa logical method used to infer generalized rules from a select sampleof cases, observations, and/or truth claims.

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Morality:

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dealsbasically with humans and how they relate to other beings, both humanand nonhuman. It deals with how humans treat other beings so as topromote mutual welfare, growth, creativity, and meaning as theystrive for what is good over what is bad and what is right over whatis wrong.”

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Descriptive(aka, “scientific) Ethics:

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empiricalapproach to ethics within the social sciences used to collect data,and simply describe human behavior/conduct.

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Normative(or Prescriptive– aka, “philosophical”) Ethics:

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anapproach to ethics that makes moral judgments; it prescribes moralprecepts that one thinks *ought/should follow.

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Metaethics(or Analytic Ethics)

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anapproach to ethics that “goes beyond” both descriptive andnormative ethics, (i.e. metaethics asks questions about the *natureof ethical properties, statements, attitudes, judgments, and thelogic and language of ethics in general.

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VirtueEthics

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approachto ethics (usually given as a label for ethical thought such as thatof Socrates, Aristotle, etc.) that emphasizes individual character.

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Value-Theory(Axiology:“values/worth”)

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refersto a variety of approaches to questions about how, why, and to whatdegree people place value(s) upon things: objects, actions, etc.

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ReligiousMorality

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refersto systems or codes of ethics and/or morality that are claimed tostem from some transcendental source such as a god or gods, divinelaw, natural (in the sense of Nature being, itself, “divine” insome way) law, or (in the case of atheistic religions) from aspiritual understanding of the nature of relations between the human(as microcosm) and the rest of existence (macrocosm)

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PsychologicalEgoism

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descriptiveapproach within the realm of social morality which argues that humanbeings always-already act in accordance with their own self-interest– that human beings can *only act from self-interest.

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EthicalEgoism

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prescriptiveapproach with the realm of social morality which argues that humanbeings *should act in accordance with their own self-interest.

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Consequentialism(orTeleological Ethics)

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refersto a class or set of ethical theories that stress that theconsequences of one’s actions determine the moral stance (rightnessor wrongness) of those actions…“The *end (teleology) justifiesthe means.”

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Utilitarianism

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abroad school of normative ethical philosophy which argues that moralaction is that which maximizes “utility” (i.e. pleasure,happiness, well-being, etc.) and minimizes pain/unhappiness for thelargest amount of people as possible.

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Nonconsequentialism,Deontological ethics (Deontology):

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stressesthat the rightness or wrongness of any given behavior lies within thecharacter *of the behavior itself; it places an emphasis on theactions committed toward others more so than other ethical theories.

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Theory;Theoria– “way of seeing”

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aview, from a comprehensive perspective, of a specific phenomena. “Asupposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something,especially one based on general principles independent of the thingto be explained.” (Oxford)

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Eudaimonia:

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Greekword for human fulfillment, flourishing, or excellence;happiness/fulfillment. Also, well-being.

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Is/OughtProblem

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thename of the concept “discovered” by David Hume, which states thatthere is a significant difference between descriptive statements andprescriptive statements, and that there is no coherent or logicalmove from descriptive statements to prescriptive statements.

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Apriori

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Latinphrase used in philosophy to refer to knowledge without or beforeexperience

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Aposteriori:

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Latinphrase used in philosophy to refer to knowledge with or afterexperience

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Objectivism

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philosophyholding that reality is independent of consciousness – we gain(objective) knowledge of reality via the five senses (empiricism) –rationality is our highest virtue – morality is to be based onrational self-interest.

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Ipsedixit–"he himself said it“

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dogmaticstatement of law that one accepts as valid… rooted in the belief:“this is just the way it is.

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Utility:

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“thestate or quality of being useful; usefulness.”

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Principleof Utility

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Ifan act or rule is right, it will produce the greatest happiness orthe greatest good for the greatest number of people.

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Principleof Equality:

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equalconsideration of interests

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CareEthics

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“Amoral theory known as ‘the ethics of care’ implies that there ismoral significance in the fundamental elements of relationships anddependencies in human life. Normatively, care ethics seeks tomaintain relationships by contextualizing and promoting thewell-being of care-givers and care-receivers in a network of socialrelations.”

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ActNonconsequentialism

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Assumesthat there are no general moral rules or theories at all, but onlyparticular actions, situations, and people about which we cangeneralize.”

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CategoricalImperative

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Actas if the maxim of your action was to become through your Will aUniversal law of nature’.”

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Ethical

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refersto an individual’s character.

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Moral:

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refersto one being good.

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Immoral

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refers to one being bad.

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Amoral

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refersto being without moral sense, or being indifferent to rightand wrong.

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Nonmoral:

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refersto being outside of the realm of morality altogether.