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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The primary ICF electrolyte is
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potassium
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Intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid are part of the ______.
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ECF
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____ is fluid located within the cell. It is essential for normal cell function and provides an internal medium necessary for cells to function as they should.
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ICF
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____ is fluid located outside the cell that brings nutrients to the cell and takes wastes away.
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ECF
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____ fluid contains little to no protein whereas ____ fluid is rich in protein especially albumin.
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Interstitial
Intravascular |
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____ is the primary ECF electrolyte.
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Sodium
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The volume of the ____ is the most important and regulated aspect of fluid balance because without it BP and organ systems can't be adequately maintained.
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ECF
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An ____ loss is a fluid loss that can't be measured or seen. It is fluid we lose through lungs and skin.
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insensible
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A _____ loss is one that can be measured- urine, feces, wound drainage.
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sensible
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The organs that work together to maintain balance of fluid are the
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kidneys
GI tract skin lungs |
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Water from food and oxidation is equal to about ____mL and is lost in ____, _____, and ____.
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1200mL
feces, skin and respiration |
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Liquid intake and urine output should each be about ____mL for 24 hours.
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1500mL
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Total intake for 24 hours should be about ______mL.
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2400-2700mL
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Total output for 24 hours should be about _____mL.
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2400-2600mL
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______ are fluid losses required to maintain normal body functions and excrete toxic wastes.
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Obligatory losses
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The kidneys should put out at least _____mL per day of urine to eliminate metabolic wastes and prevent lethal electrolyte imbalances.
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500
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_____ are salts that readily dissolve in a solution.
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Crystalloids
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_____ is the capability of a substance to diffuse through a membrane.
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Permeability
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The liquid that holds the substance in solution is the _____.
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Solvent
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____ is a substance that is dissolved and held in a solution.
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Solute
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When _____ happens, fluid shifts fromt he vascular space and accumulates in portions of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF. The fluid is trapped and not available for physiologic processes. Trapped fluid causes a deficit in ECF so fluid shifts from intravascular space to tissue causing hypovolemia.
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third spacing
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The most accurate way to assess gains or losses in fluid and electrolyte balances is by assessing ______.
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body weight daily
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_____ is the movement of solvent from an area of lower to higher solute concentration.
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Osmosis
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Osmosis is the major method for transporting fluids between ____ and ____.
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ICF and ECF compartments
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____ is the force that draws water thru a membrane to the more concentrated side.
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Osmotic pressure
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_____ and ____ are the measure of concentration of particles in a solution.
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Osmolality and Osmolarity
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Osmolality is based on _____.
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weight
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Normal pure osmolality is ____ mOsm/kg.
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275-295
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Osmolarity is based on _____.
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volume
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The greatest determinant of serum osmolality is _____.
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sodium
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____ is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
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Edema
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During osmosis, the solvent (water) goes from areas of ____ concentration to areas of ____ concentration.
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low
high |
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____ is the effects of a solutions osmotic pressure on water movement across cell membranes.
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Tonicity
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____ solutions have equal osmolarity with plasma.
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Isotonic
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____ solutions have a higher solute concentration (osmolarity) than plasma.
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Hypertonic
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_____ solutions have a lower solute concentration (lesser osmolarity) than plasma.
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Hypotonic
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When hypertonic solutions are administered, fluid shifts from _____ to _____.
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cells to intravascular space
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Hypertonic solutions cause cells to _____.
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shrink
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When hypotonic solutions are administered, fluid shifts from ____ to _____ causing cells to ______.
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intravascular space to cells
swell |
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_____ solutions are given when we want to expand the body's fluid volume without causing a fluid shift.
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Isotonic
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_____ is the passive process by which solute moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of a lowr concentration.
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Diffusion
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During diffusion solute moves from ____ to ____ concentration.
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high to low
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_____ occurs when the substance moves from an area of higher to lower concentration.
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Simple diffusion
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_____ requires a carrier substance to provide transport of that solute across a membrane.
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Facilitated/carrier mediated diffusion
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An example of facilitated/carrier mediated diffusion occurs with...
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insulin and glucose
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_____ moves a solute through a cell membrane from low concentrations to higher concentrations and therefore requires energy.
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Active transport
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Energy for active transport is in the form of _____.
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ATP
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Active transport usually occurs via some type of ____ and requires ____.
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carrier protein
ATP |
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The Sodium Potassium pump is an example of ______ and is critical to the movement of electrical impulses.
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active transport
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_____ is the movement through capillary walls of both solute and solvent from an area of lower to higher HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
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filtration
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Hydrostatic pressure is created by 2 things:
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-pumping action of the heart'
-gravity against the capillary wall |
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The force of the blood against capillary walls is called ______.
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hydrostatic pressure
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When hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary is greater than the interstitial space, fluid and substances will move into the _____.
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interstitium
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When hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary is less than outside, fluid and solutes will move into the _____.
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capillary
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______ prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries despite the amount of hydrostatic pressure.
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Colloidal Osmotic (oncotic) pressure
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Colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure maintains _____ with the help of ______.
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vascular volume
plasma proteins |
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During filtration, fluid and substances tend to be lost on the _____ side of the capillary bed and fluid and substances tend to return on the ____ side of the capillary bed.
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arterial
venous |
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_____ are the major opposing force to hydrostatic pressure.
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Proteins
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4 systems that help maintain homeostasis in the body are;
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-kidneys
-lungs -cardiovascular -nervous |
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The ____ retain or excrete substances and water in order to help maintain fluid volume and electrolyte balances.
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kidneys
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Kidneys are the target organ for ____ and _____.
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ADH and Aldosterone
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The ____ helps maintain fluid balance.
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cardiovascular
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The ____ help maintain acid-base balance.
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lungs
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The _____ regulates oral intake and helps maintain acid-base balance indirectly through the lungs.
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nervous system
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A ______ is something that occurs in response to something else. Something happens in our body and stimulates some organ system to do something to correct it.
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compensatory mechanisms
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_____ glands regulate Na and blood volume.
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Adrenal glands
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_____ gland regulates water and blood volume.
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Pituitary
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______ gland regulates calcium and phosphate balances.
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Parathyroid
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_____ gland regulates calcium balance.
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Thyroid
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The ____ is the primary regulator of water intake and plays an important role in preventing dehydration.
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thirst mechanism
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The thirst center is located in the _____.
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hypothalamus
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Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimualted by two things:
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-decrease in ECF volume
-increase in serum osmolarity |
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Fluid and electrolyte compensatory mechanisms are;
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ADH
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone ANH |
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Secretion of ADH involves the ____ and _____.
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hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland
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ADH causes
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increased blood volume
increased blood pressure decreased blood osmolality |
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Aldosterone causes ____ and _____.
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increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
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Water follows _____.
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sodium
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_____ initiates reabsorption of sodium back into the blood stream which causes increased BV and BP.
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone promotes excretion of ____.
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potassium
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The RAA system is activated when the kidneys are _____ or there are signs of ____.
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not perfused
hypovolemia |
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The end result of the RAA system is _____ and the release of ____ that causes Na and water to be reabsorbed. Therefore increasing BV and BP.
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vasoconstriction
aldosterone |
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The response of the RAA system is to _____ blood pressure.
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increase
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____ causes vasodilation and is a potent diuretic which causes diuresis, decreased BV, inhibits reabsorption of Na and inhibits the thirst mechanism.
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ANH
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ANH causes _____ blood pressure and ____ blood volume.
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decreased
decreased |
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ANH is released from muscle cells in the atria in response to _____ from _____.
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distention from fluid overload
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The function of ____ is water distribution.
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sodium
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The function of ____ and ____ is acid-base balance.
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potassium and phosphorous
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The function of ____ and _____ is neuromuscular activity.
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calcium and magnesium
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_____ are chemical compounds in the body that dissociate into ions when dissolved into a solution.
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Electrolytes
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Cations are _____.
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positive
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Anions are _____.
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negative
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The normal range for Sodium is _____mEq/L.
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135-145
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Sodium controls ____ and ____ volume.
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water distribution and ECF
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Dietary sources of Na include:
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-salt
-bacon -processed meats -canned veggies -graham crackers, ice cream -dried fruits/cereals |
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____ are the primary regulator of Na.
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Kidneys
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Sodium is absorbed in the ____ and excreted in _____.
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GI tract
sweat |
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Sodium is regulated by
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kidneys
GI tract, sweat ADH Aldosterone Na-K pump |
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ADH causes water to be absorbed therefore causing ____ sodium.
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decreased/diluted
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____ helps conserve sodium.
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Aldosterone
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Low blood volume means the kidneys will increase the reabsoprtion of ____ and ____.
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Na and water
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____ helps conserve sodium.
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Aldosterone
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_____ is the major cation in ICF.
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Potassium
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Low blood volume means the kidneys will increase the reabsoprtion of ____ and ____.
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Na and water
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The normal range for potassium is _____mEq/L.
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3.5-5.0
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Potassium plays a role in the ____ and ____ of nerve impulses and therefore effects skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.
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transmission and conduction
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Potassium plays a role in acid base balance because it exchanges with ____.
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H ions
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Dietary sources of potassium include:
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-bananas, peaches, apricots, oranges
-nuts, dried fruits -broccoli, potatoes, spinach -beef, pork, dairy, chocolate |
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80% of potassium is eliminated by the _____.. The other 20% is lost thru ____ and _____.
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kidneys
saliva and sweat |
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The ____ will continue to excrete potassium even if there is a deficit.
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kidneys
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Potassium levels can be affected by:
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-Na-K pump
-Aldosterone -pH -Insulin |
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The _____ provides for the active transport of sodium and potassium.
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Na-K pump
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_____ promotes reabsorption of Na and secretion of K.
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Aldosterone
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High pH is associated with ___kalemia.
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hyper
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Low pH is associated with ____kalemia.
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hypo
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_____ helps K move into the cell.
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Insulin
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_____ is one of the most abundant electrolytes in the body. It is found in equal concentrations in the ECF and ICF.
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Calcium
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The normal range for ionized calcium is ______mEq/L.
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4-5-5.5
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The normal range for serum calcium is _____mg/dL
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8.5-10.0
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Calcium has a ______.
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sedative effect
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Calcium is responsible for the formation and structure of our ____ and _____.
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bones and teeth
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The electrolyte responsible for regulating neuromuscular functions such as muscle contraction/relaxation and maintenance of cardiac function is _____.
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calcium
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Calcium regulates the transmission of ____ and has a sedative effect therefore decreasing neuromuscular excitability and irritability.
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NI
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Dietary sources of calcium are:
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-milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream
-green leafys, broccoli, tofu -whole grains, nuts, molasses -canned sardines, salmon |
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Calcium is absorbed in the ____ and excreted in the ___ and ____.
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small intestine
urine and feces |
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The ____ is released in response to low calcium levels.
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parathyroid hormone
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The parathyroid hormone _____ calcium levels in the blood by decreasing bone resorption, GI absorption, and kidney reabsorption.
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increases
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____ is an antagonist to the parathyroid hormone and causes Calcium levels to _____.
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Calcitonin
decrease |
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Calcitonin is produced and secreted by the _____.
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thyroid gland
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Calcitonin is released when calcium levels are ____.
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high
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Calcitonin causes ____ calcium by decreasing bone resorption and GI absorption and increasing kidney excretion.
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decreased
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_____ is a metabolite of Vitamin D which promotes reabsorption of Ca in the intestines.
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Calcitrol
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_____ has an inverse relationship with calcium.
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Phosphorous
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High pH results in ____ ionized levels of Calcium.
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low
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Low pH results in ___ ionized levels of Calcium.
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high
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_____ is the major anion in ICF.
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Phosphate
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The normal range for phosphate is ______.
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2.5-4.5mg/dL
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Phosphate plays a role in maintaining cell membrane integrity because the cell membranes are made of ____.
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phospholipids
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Phosphate is necessary for the production of ____ which is necessary for energy metabolism.
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ATP
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The release of calcium from bone is called _____.
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bone resorption
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_____ plays a role in energy metabolism and RBC function.
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Phosphate
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Dietary sources of phosphate are:
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-beef, pork, dairy products
-dried beans, nuts, whole grain -organ meats, fish |
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Phosphate is absorbed in the ____ and excreted in the ____ and ____.
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small intestine
urine and feces |
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High parathyroid hormone levels ____ the renal excretion of phosphorous.
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increase
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____ has an inverse relationship with phosphorous and therefore can affect phosphorous levels.
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Calcium
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_____ promotes the movement of phosphorous into cells.
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Insulin
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_____ is an ICF cation. The major one is potassium though.
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Magnesium
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The normal range for magnesium is ______mEq/L.
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1.5-2.5
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Magnesium causes vaso____ and plays a role in ____, _____, and _____.
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vasodilation
nerve transmission neuromuscular activity cardiac function |
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Magnesium must be present for correct functioning of the ____.
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Sodium-Potassium pump
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Hypomagnesemia can cause _____ and ______.
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hypocalcemia and hypokalemia
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Dietary sources of magnesium include:
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-green leafys
-dairy, nuts, meats, seafood -banana, orange, grapefruit -Chocolate, PB, whole grains |
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Magnesium levels are controlled by being ____ by intestines and ____ by kidneys.
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absorbed
excreted |
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____ Mg levels cause decreased GI absorption and increased renal excretion.
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High
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____ Mg levels cause increased GI absorption and increased renal conservation.
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Low
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____ is the major anion of ECF and moves in and out of cells with Na and sometimes K.
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Chloride
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The normal range for chloride is _____mEq/L.
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95-108
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Chloride functions to maintain ___ and ____ and provide an acid medium conducive to _____.
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serum osmolality and water balance
digestion |
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Dietary sources of calcium are the same as those for _____.
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sodium
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Sodium and Chloride are electrolytes of _____.
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ECF
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Potassium and Phosphate are electrolytes of _____.
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ICF
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Sodium and Potassium are both _____.
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cations
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Phosphate and Chloride are both _____.
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anions
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