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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the secondary sex organs in males & females? What are they essential for? What are secondary sex characteristics? What is their purpose? |
-males: ducts, glands, penis to deliver sperm females: uterus, uterine tube, vagina to recieve sperm -essential for reproduction -body shape, hair, voice pitch in males: for mate attraction |
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How many pairs of chromosomes in a cell? Diploid number? What are the 1st 22 pairs called? The last pair? Males produce: Females produce: |
-23 (2n=46) -autosomes, sex chromosomes -50% Y & 50% X, only X |
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What does the Y chromosome code for? What happens around weeks 8-9 in male fetus? What are always high during pregnancy but don't determine sex? |
-TDF protein (testes determining factor) -testes are identifiable -estrogen levels |
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What structures develop near kidneys and descend? What guides the testes thru inguinal canal to scrotum? When do the testes descend? Finish? What is cryptorchidism? |
-testes -gubernaculum ligament -wks 6 to 10, by wk 28 -males born w/ undescended testes |
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What is made of 2 compartments in the median septum? In males what structure causes a hernia? |
-scrotum -spermatic cord in inguinal canal |
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2 coverings of the testes: Which is an anterior extension of peritoneum? Which is a white fibrous capsule? What are used for sperm production/drainage? |
1) tunica vaginalis (ant extension) 2) tunica albuginea (white capsule) -seminiferous tubules |
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What tissue lines testis tubules? What 3 cells comprise the testes? Which cell becomes a sperm? Which cell supports & nourishes? Which cell produces testosterone? |
-stratified epith 1) spermatogenic cells (become sperm) 2) sustenocytes (nourish) 3) leydig cells (testosterone) |
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What is spermatogenesis? How long does it take? What's mitosis? Meiosis? |
-sperm formation (70 days) -2n to 2n -Primary spermatocyte (2n-n) makes 4 haploid sperm (2X, 2Y) each n=23 |
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3 basic parts of sperm cell and their purposes: Where does sperm go after maturity? |
1) head w/ acrosome- genetic 2) mid piece- metabolic 3) tail- movement -flows thru efferent ductules into epididymis |
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Path of sperm thru spermatic ducts: |
Testes➡epididymis➡vas deferens➡ejaculatory duct➡urethra |
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What structure is the target of a vasectomy? What structure matures/stores sperm? Where does the seminal vesicle enter the prostate? |
-vas deferens -epididymis -ejaculatory ducts |
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3 accessory glands in male reproductive sys: Which is largest and secretes fluid-fructose, vesiculase, & prostaglandins? Which secretes citrate & enzymes to increase sperm motility? Which secretes mucus to aid sperm travel & neutralizes urine? |
1) seminal vesicles (largest) 2) prostate (citrate, enzymes) 3) bulbourethral gland (neut. urine) |
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In the penis where does the root/shaft end in? What is removed in circumcision? What surrounds urethra & forms glands? What are the erectile bodies? |
-glans penis -prepuce
-corpus spongiosum -corpus cavernosum |
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What's caused via parasympathetic NO release? What happens due to insufficient NO? What's the sympathetic spinal reflex? |
-erection -ED -ejaculation (orgasm) |
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What's the 2nd most common cancer death in men? |
Prostate cancer |
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What covers the ovaries during development? What holds them to uterus? To pelvic wall? Where does each egg develop? How is each egg released? |
-tunica albuginea
-ovarian ligament, suspensatory ligament
-follicle
-via ovulation (follicle bursts) |
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What is oogenesis? How long does it take? What process do the oogonia perform? What process do the primary oocytes perform? What is atresia? What completes meiosis I? What initiates meiosis II? What is the menstrual cycle coordinated w/? |
-egg production (years) -mitosis in 1st 5-6 wks -meiosis I -oocyte degeneration -secondary oocytes, if egg is fertilized -ovarian cycle |
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What's the difference b/w oogenesis & spermatogenesis? |
Spermatogenesis is continuous w/ less error rate @3% & oogenesis is cyclic (1 egg/month) w/ higher error rate @ 20% |
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What are the secondary sex organs generally called? |
Genitalia |
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Where do the eggs travel & where does fertilization occur? What's tubal ligation? What lines the uterus? What is endometriosis? |
-in oviducts -severing oviducts (fallopian tubes) -endometrium -when tissue grows outside uterus blocking sperm/egg |
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What 2 structures change w/ each menstrual cycle? What uterine layer is for contraction? Which layer is sloughed off each menstrual period? What connects the uterus & vagina? |
-uterine wall & cervix
-myometrium
-endometrium
-cervix |
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3 linings of vagina from outer to inner: What 2 tissues comprise it? |
1) adventitia (outer) 2) muscularis (mid) 3) mucosa (inner) -simple cuboidal & stratified sq. |
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What are the external genitalia of female called? What's the fat mound over pubic symphysis? What's the thick skin folds? What's the medial thin skin folds? What contains urethral/vaginal openings? |
-vulva -mons pubis
-labia majora
-labia minora
-vestibule |
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2 types of female sexual response: |
1) erection (parasympathetic) 2) orgasm (sympathetic) |
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What are modified sweat glands? When do they develop? What comprises the colored zone? What comprises the skin & muscle? |
-mammary glands/breasts (less than 6 wks) -nipple (areola) -suspensatory ligaments |
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What's a pap smear? What's a hysterectomy? What's the #2 cancer death in women affecting 1 in 8 ppl? 70% of ppl infected don't have what? What's a risk factor for ovarian, uterine, & cervical cancer?
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-scrape cells off cervix to check for disease -removal of uterus or parts of it -breast cancer: 70% have no risk factors (no preg/breast feed, late menopause) -HPV |
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What were ED drugs initially developed to treat? |
High BP |
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What % of breast cancer diagnoses are due to hereditary defects? What gives u a 50-80% chance of getting breast cancer? |
-10% -BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 |
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What's the difference b/w a mastectomy & a lumpectomy? |
Mastectomy removes breast tissue & lymph nodes, lumpectomy only removes cancerous mass |
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What's the difference in puberty onset in males & females? What's GnRH? Who has it? What occurs monthly when not pregnant? |
-in males testosterone increases, in females adipose tissue & leptin increase -gonadotrophin releasing hormone: females -sexual cycle in females |
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In the ovarian cycle, what signals the release of GnRH? Where is it released from? How long is the ovarian cycle? Where does it travel? What is the first menstrual cycle that happens every 3 yrs? |
-leptin, hypothalamus -4 yrs, GnRH➡ant. pit.➡ovaries -menarche |
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In the ovarian cycle, how long does it take for the egg to mature? What are the 2 phases of maturation? |
-avg 28 days (20-45 day range) 1) follicular 2) luteal |
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How long does the follicular phase last? What grows & what's secreted? What's the mid cycle? What does the follicle become when egg is released? |
-days 1 to 14 -ovarian follicle, lots of estrogen -ovulation, corpus luteum |
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In the ovarian cycle, what causes the follicle to rupture? When does ovulation occur? How long does it last? Are more than 1 oocyte typically produced? |
-LH surge -day 14, 2 to 3 min -no, only 2 or 3%
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What serves as the key to ovulation? What also helps? |
-Surge in LH (lutenizing hormone) -FSH |
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What phase is after egg is released? When does it occur? How often? What happens in the corpus luteum? |
-luteal (postovulatory) phase -days 14 to 28, constantly -progesterone thickens the endometrium |
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Why does the endometrium thicken? What happens if no implantation occurs? What does this cause? |
-for embryo (blastocyst) to implant -uterus contracts (menstrual cramp), shedding of endometrium (period) |
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What does the menstrual cycle coordinate? 3 phases of menstrual cycle in order: What starts the menstrual cycle? When does endometrium peak? |
-ovaries & uterus 1) menstrual (1-5) 2) proliferation (6-14) 3) secretory (15-28) -day of discharge -day 21 |
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What plays a major role in endometrium development? What releases it? |
Progesterone, corpus luteum |
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What happens in the proliferation phase? |
-endometrial tissue rebuilds -estrogen stimulates mitosis & progesterone receptors in endometrium |
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What happens in the secretory phase? |
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone -endometrium thickens |
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What happens premenstrually in secretory phase? What is endometrial ischemia? |
-corpus luteum shrinks & progesterone decreases -blood vessels constrict (ischemia) |
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What happens in the menstrual phase? |
-endometrium is shed
-cycle renews for embryo arrival |
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List the ovarian & menstrual cycles in coordination: What 2 hormones are essential to ovulation? What is important for endometrium? |
1) follicular= menstrual & proliferative 2) luteal=secretory -LH & FSH -progesterone
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What happens in menopause? When does it occur and for how long? What disease risk increases? Why? |
-ovarian function declines, menstruation stops, estrogen decreases -age 45 to 55, lasts 1 yr -cardiovascular disease: total cholesterol increases & HDL declines
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STDs: Which is caused by N. gonorrhoeae? Which is caused by T. pallidum? Which is #1 & caused by C. trachomatis? Which is caused by parasite & is most common in females? |
-gonorrhea -syphilis -chlamydia -trichomoniasis |
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Which STD is viral & is a form of HPV common in cervical cancer? Which STD is also viral caused by herpes simplex 2? |
-genital warts -genital herpes |
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What are the primary sex organs? What's their purpose? |
-Gonads (ovaries & testes) -produce gametes |
