Test 3 Evolutionary Biology

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared with individuals without the trait.

Front 2

Adaptive

Back 2

Describes a trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to that of individuals lacking the trait

Front 3

Genotype-by-Environment Interaction

Back 3

Differences in the effect of the environment on the phenotype displayed by different genotypes. Like how some people living in a location change their skin color with the seasons and others do not.

Front 4

Monoecious

Back 4

Typically used for plants, it describes either a species in which male and female reproductive functions occur in the same individual, or a species in which separate male and female flowers are present on the same individual (hermaphroditic).

Front 5

Null Hypothesis

Back 5

The predicted outcome, under the simplest possible assumptions, of an experiment or observation.

Front 6

Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts

Back 6

The set of pairwise divergences that occurred within a clade as lineages arose from the nodes.

Front 7

Reaction Norms

Back 7

The pattern of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by a genotype.

Front 8

Sperm Competition

Back 8

Occurs when a female mates with two or more males during a single estrus cycle, and the sperm from the different males are in a race to the egg.

Front 9

Thermal Performance Curve

Back 9

The relationship between physiological performance and temperature.

Front 10

Intersexual Selection

Back 10

Differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the other sex, like variation in mating success among males due to female choosiness.

Front 11

Intrasexual Selection

Back 11

Differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the same sex, like mating success in males dependent on male-male competition over access to females.

Front 12

Parental Investment

Back 12

Expenditure of time and energy on the provision, protection, and care for offspring. More specifically the investment by a parent that increases the fitness of a particular offspring and reduces the fitness the parent can gain by investing in other offspring.

Front 13

Polyandry

Back 13

Multiple matings by females.

Front 14

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 14

The difference between the phenotypes of females versus males within a species.

Front 15

Sexual Selection

Back 15

A difference, among members of the same sex, between the average mating success of individuals with a particular phenotype versus individuals with other phenotypes.

Front 16

Altruism

Back 16

Behavior that decreases the fitness of the actor and increases the fitness of the recipient.

Front 17

Direct Fitness

Back 17

Fitness that an individual attains from his or her own reproduction, without help from relatives.

Front 18

Communal Breeding

Back 18

A situation in which several adults cooperatively rear a shared brood to which all have contributed offspring.

Front 19

Cooperation

Back 19

Behavior that is beneficial or costly to the actor, beneficial to the recipient, and selected for at least in part because the recipient benefits.

Front 20

Cooperative Breeding

Back 20

A situation in which individuals go without reproducing themselves, and instead assist in the reproduction of others.

Front 21

Eusocial

Back 21

A social system characterized by overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and specialized reproductive and non-reproductive castes.

Front 22

Greenbeard Effect

Back 22

Occurs when an allele causes individuals carrying it to both recognize and be recognized by other carriers, and also to behave altruistically toward them.

Front 23

Hamilton's Rule

Back 23

An inequality that predicts when alleles for altruism should increase in frequency.

Front 24

Haplodiploidy

Back 24

A reproductive system in which males are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs, while females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs.

Front 25

Identical By Descent

Back 25

Describes alleles, within a single individual or different individuals, that have been inherited from the same ancestral copy of the allele.

Front 26

Inclusive Fitness

Back 26

An individual's total fitness, the sum of both its indirect and direct fitness.

Front 27

Indirect fitness

Back 27

Fitness that is due to increased reproduction by relatives made possible by the focal individuals actions.

Front 28

Kin Selection

Back 28

Natural selection based on indirect fitness gains.

Front 29

Multilevel Selection

Back 29

A conceptualization of adaptive evolution in which fitness is assigned to groups, and is a function of group composition.

Front 30

Mutually Beneficial

Back 30

An interaction between individuals resulting in increased fitness for both the actor and the recipient.

Front 31

Reciprocity

Back 31

An exchange of fitness benefits, separated in time, between two individuals resulting in a net gain for both.

Front 32

Relatedness

Back 32

The genetic similarity between individuals.

Front 33

Selfish Interaction

Back 33

An interaction in which the actor gains fitness and the recipient loses fitness.

Front 34

Sinpson's Paradox

Back 34

The appearance of a trend within subsets of a population that is reversed when the subsets are combined.

Front 35

Spiteful Interaction

Back 35

An interaction resulting in a loss of fitness for both the actor and the recipient.

Front 36

Iteroparous

Back 36

Describes a species or population in which individuals experience more than one bout of reproduction over the course of a lifetime. Ex - humans.

Front 37

Pleiotropic

Back 37

Describes a gene that influences more than one trait.

Front 38

Semelparous

Back 38

Describes a species or population in which individuals experience only one bout of reproduction over the course of a typical lifetime. Ex - salmon

Front 39

Senescence

Back 39

A decline with age in reproductive performance, physiological function, or probability of survival.

Front 40

Telomeres

Back 40

Tandem repeat sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.