Test 3 Bacteriology

Front 1

ProteoBacteria

Back 1

All gram negative
Alpha beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
metabolically diverse
morphologically similar

Front 2

purple sulfur bacteria

Back 2

Purple phototrophic bacteria
Use H2S as electron donor
Use CO2 as electron acceptor
S^0 is stored in cell
anoxic
gamma proteo

Front 3

purple non-sulfur bacteria

Back 3

purple phototrophic bacteria
Use sulfide (H2S) as a electron donor but less then PSB
diverse metabolism (fermentation/chemos/ anaerobic resperation)

Front 4

nitrifying bacteria

Back 4

Alpha beta gamma delta
nitrococcus
nitrobacter

Front 5

nitrococcus

Back 5

ammonia oxidizer
NH3+ 1 1/2 O2 -> NO2 +H2O

Front 6

nitrobacter

Back 6

Nitrite Oxidizer
NO2^- + 1/2 O2 ->NO3^-
found in waste water treatment

Front 7

sulfur oxidizing bacteria

Back 7

idk

Front 8

gram positive bacteria

Back 8

primarily chemoorganotrophic
Two sub groups are firmicutes and actinobacteria

Front 9

firmicutes

Back 9

gram positive
endospore forming bacteria
lactic acid bacteria

Front 10

staphlococcus

Back 10

cluster cell arangement
firmicute
contain teichoic acid in the cell wall
aerobic respiration typical respiratory metabolism
can tolerate drying and high salt

Front 11

staphylococcus epidermis

Back 11

firmicute
non pathenogenic , non pigmented
found on skin or mucous membranes

Front 12

lactic acid bacteria

Back 12

gram positive bacteria
rods, cocci
form lactic acid as main fermentation product
aerotolerant anaerobes
metabolize sugars through fermentation
need environment with sugars present as well as amino acids purines and pyrmadines and vitamins

Front 13

lactobacillus

Back 13

gram positive
lactic acid bacteria
rods that are homofermentative and heterofementative
non pathenogenic

Front 14

lactobacillus acidophills

Back 14

gram positive
lactic acid bacteria
rods non pathenogenic
used in the production of milk

Front 15

actinobacteria

Back 15

grampositive
include actinomycytes
they are filamentous sporulating
soil bacteria
is a type coryneform and propionic acid bacteria
primarily aerobic bacteria are common inhabitants of soil and plants

Front 16

coryneform

Back 16

actinobacteria
are rod shaped
take place in snapping division,-cell wall consists of two layers the inner cell wall performs cross wall formation then the outer wall ruptures in localized zone and the cells bend away from this wall

Front 17

proprionic acid bacteria

Back 17

gram positive anaerobes
actinobacteria
Genus- propionibacterium
propionbacterium is a genus of
habitat is in swiss cheese
they are anaerobes that ferment lactic acid, carbohydrates, and polyhydroxyl alcohols
produce primarily propionic acid, acetic acid, and alcohol.
produce CO2 which creates the Holes in swiss cheese.

Front 18

oxygenic phototophic bacteria

Back 18

Cyanobacteria

Front 19

cyanobacteria

Back 19

5 different type
unicellular dividing by binary fission
unicellular dividing by multiple fission
filamentous containing differentiated cells
filamentous nonheterocytstous
branching filamentous species

Front 20

cyanobacteria contd.

Back 20

are gram negative
all of them produce chlorophyl a and phychobilins (accesory pigments of the cyanobacteria)
nitrate or ammonia used as nitrogen source
obligate phototrophs so they need light
few can grow on organic compounds
produce geosmin
habitats are marine and freshwater
tolerant of extremes can handle hot springs and salt lakes

Front 21

prochlorophytes

Back 21

oxygenic phototrophs
such as prohlorococcus
habitat: photic zone of the open ocean
small (0.2uM)
they are the most abundant photosynthetic microorganism on earth
produce chlorophyl a, chorophyl b

Front 22

chlamydia

Back 22

obligate parasite
poor metabolic capabilities
simplest biochemical capabilities
of all known bacteria
leading STD
gram negative

Front 23

bacteroides

Back 23

obligate anerobes, non sporulating
ferment sugars
numerically dominant in large intestine
10^10-10^-11 cells present per gram of feces

Front 24

flavobacterium

Back 24

aquatic
aerobic nutritionally restricted to glucose
frequently have yellow pigmentations

Front 25

thermus

Back 25

thermus aquaticus
hyperthermophile
source of DNA polymerase PCR "taq"

Front 26

deinococcus

Back 26

most radiation resistant bacteria
gram positive
red/pink due to carratenoids

Front 27

green sulfur bacteria

Back 27

anoxygenic phototrophs
obigately anaerobic
can grow at low light intensities
H2S to support autotrophy
contain chlorosomes and bacteriachlorophyll c,d or e as light harvesting chlorophyl

Front 28

zetaproteobacteria

Back 28

mariprofundus

Front 29

disinfectants

Back 29

chemicals that kill microorganisms except endospores.
disinfectants such as ethanol and cationic detergents. used in medical settings for infection control.

Front 30

antiseptic

Back 30

kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms that are nontoxic enough to be applied to living tissues. ethanol is both. or for treating surface wounds. regulated because they involve direct human contact

Front 31

naturally occurring antimicrobial drugs

Back 31

penecillin was isolated from fungus penicillium chrysogenum
cephalosporins are produced by the fungus cephalosporium, also have beta-lactam ring.
both bind irrevocably to pbps they prevent cell wall synthesis by preventing transpeptidation which cross links two glycan linked peptide bonds in the cell wall. transpeptidase will bond to peptide binding proteins and will not let transpeptidation take place and create a very flimsy cell wall then auto lysins will create an even weaker link when stimulated and degrade the cell wall further.

Front 32

Types of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics

Back 32

aminoglycasides
macrolides
tetracyclines

Front 33

aminoglycasides

Back 33

protein synthesis inhibiting bacteria that target the 30S subunit of the ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis (useful against gram negative bacteria) Streptomycin

Front 34

macrolides

Back 34

target the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis (erythromycin)

Front 35

tetracyclines

Back 35

gram positive and negative, inhibit the 30S subunit function Tetracycline

Front 36

antiviral drugs

Back 36

exhibit host toxicity because viruses target host cells to reproduce and perform metabolic processes, so they target some host structures as well but are far more toxic for viruses then the host

Front 37

antibiotic resistance mechansims

Back 37

1. the organisms may lack the structure an antibiotic antibiotic inhibits such as lack of a cell wall to prevent penicillin
2. organisms may be impermeable to an antibiotic, most gram negative bacteria are impermeable to penicillin G and platensimycin
3.organism can alter antibiotic into an inactive form. staphlococci contain B-lactamates that cleave B-lactam ring in penecillin

Front 38

antibiotic resistance mechanisms #2

Back 38

4. modification of the genes that mediate the the target of the antibiotics
5.resistant biochemical pathway, for example antibiotics that effect metabolism of folic acid the bacteria will uptake from environment(sulfa drugs).
6. organism may be able to pump out an antibiotic entering the cell called an efflux