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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the lab technique that allows the manipulation of sterilized material w/o bateriological contamination
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aseptic technique
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Which bacteria types are red (pink) and which are purple?
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red/pink = gram neg
purple = gram pos |
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Koch's Postulate includes 4 steps...what are they?
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1. find bacteria is all cases of disease
2. grow bacteria in pure culture 3. introduce pure culture in animals 4. re-isolate bacteria from animals |
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Are all microorganisms unicellular?
Are all microorganisms prokaryotic? |
Yes
No |
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Which of the following are pro and eu karyotes?
Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria |
only bacteria is prokaryote.
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Antimetabolites are also known as:
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Analogs
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What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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tumor- swelling
rubor- redness calor- heat dolor- pain |
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What are the functions of antimetabolites?
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1) interferes with synthesis
2) involved in cell metabolism |
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What is significant about the structure of sulfonamides?
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It is similar to PABA
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What are the actions involved with Sulfonamides?
What is the result? |
1) Inhibits synthesis of folic
2) Results in a lack of DNA synthesis |
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Sulfonamides are considered____ (bacteriostatic/bacteriocidic).
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Bacteriostatic
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_____ contains a broad range of species
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Sulfonamides
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An example of a Sulfonamide is:
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Sulfonilamide
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Sulfonamides are mainly used to treat_____.
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UTIs
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Which type of drug interferes with synthesis and/or cell metabolism?
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antimetabolites (analogs)
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Bacterim is a combination of what?
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SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM
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What is Bacterim most used for?
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UTIs
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____ is a dihydrofolate reductase.
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Trimethoprim
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Examples of Antimetabolites include:
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- Trimethoprim
- Bactrim - Isoniazid |
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Is Isoniazid Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal?
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Bacteriocidal
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When does Trimethoprim act?
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During the later step of folate metabolism
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What does Isoniazid do?
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It acts on the bacteria that causes TB
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What Bacteria causes TB?
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Mycolic Acid
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Antimetabolites are also known as:
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Analogs
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What is isonazid efficient in?
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cellular penetration (intracellular)
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Antimetabolites are also known as:
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Analogs
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What is isonazid efficient in?
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cellular penetration (intracellular)
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What is isonazid efficient in?
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cellular penetration (intracellular)
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Penicillin and Cephalosporins are considered ____.
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Beta- lactam antibiotics
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Penicillin and Cephalosporins are considered ____.
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Beta- lactam antibiotics
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What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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tumor- swelling
rubor- redness calor- heat dolor- pain |
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List two examples of glycopeptides?
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- Vancomysin
- Techoplanin |
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Penicillin and Cephalosporins are considered ____.
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Beta- lactam antibiotics
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Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Include: (provide examples)
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- Beta- Lactam Antibiotics
- Glycopeptides - Cycloserine - Bactitracin |
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List two examples of glycopeptides?
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- Vancomysin
- Techoplanin |
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What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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tumor- swelling
rubor- redness calor- heat dolor- pain |
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What are the functions of antimetabolites?
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1) interferes with synthesis
2) involved in cell metabolism |
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List two examples of glycopeptides?
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- Vancomysin
- Techoplanin |
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___ was discovered by prior to sulfa.
It was discovered by: _____ |
Penicillin
Flemming |
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Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Include: (provide examples)
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- Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Glycopeptides - Cycloserine - Bactitracin |
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What is significant about the structure of sulfonamides?
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It is similar to PABA
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Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Include: (provide examples)
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- Beta- Lactam Antibiotics
- Glycopeptides - Cycloserine - Bactitracin |
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What are the functions of antimetabolites?
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1) interferes with synthesis
2) involved in cell metabolism |
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Flemming originally tried to purify Penicillin by using _____.
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Mold Broth
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___ was commercially produced during WWII.
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Penicillin.
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___ was discovered by prior to sulfa.
It was discovered by: _____ |
Penicillin
Flemming |
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What is significant about the structure of sulfonamides?
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It is similar to PABA
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What are the actions involved with Sulfonamides?
What is the result? |
1) Inhibits synthesis of folic
2) Results in a lack of DNA synthesis |
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___ was discovered by prior to sulfa.
It was discovered by: _____ |
Penicillin
Flemming |
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What provides penicillin with its specificity?
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It's lack of a cell wall.
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Flemming originally tried to purify Penicillin by using _____.
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Mold Broth
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Flemming originally tried to purify Penicillin by using _____.
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Mold Broth
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Sulfonamides are considered____ (bacteriostatic/bacteriocidic).
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Bacteriostatic
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What are the actions involved with Sulfonamides?
What is the result? |
1) Inhibits synthesis of folic
2) Results in a lack of DNA synthesis |
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What is essential for the action of a bacteriocidal drug?
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Bacterial growth
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___ was commercially produced during WWII.
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Penicillin.
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Sulfonamides are considered____ (bacteriostatic/bacteriocidic).
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Bacteriostatic
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_____ contains a broad range of species
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Sulfonamides
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What provides penicillin with its specificity?
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It's lack of a cell wall.
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An example of a Sulfonamide is:
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Sulfonilamide
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How is Penicillin structured?
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- Beta- Lactam and Thiazoladine Rings
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_____ contains a broad range of species
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Sulfonamides
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What provides penicillin with its specificity?
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It's lack of a cell wall.
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What is essential for the action of a bacteriocidal drug?
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Bacterial growth
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How is Penicillin structured?
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- Beta- Lactam and Thiazoladine Rings
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What is Penicillin G sensitive to? (2)
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Acid Hydrolysis
Beta-Lactamases |
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What is responsible for the development of an allergic response?
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Penicillin G
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What is Penicillin G ineffective against?
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Gram Enterics
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What resists acid hydrolysis?
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Penicillin V
Ampicillin |
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In comparison to Penicillin V, Ampicillin has a ____.
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Broader Spectrum
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What is the structure of Cephalosporins?
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- Beta Lactam Ring
- R groups |
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What do the R groups of cephalosporins do?
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- they modulate the properties
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Are Cephalosporins Bacteriostatic/ Bacteriocidal?
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Bacteriocidal
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What are the properties of Cephalosporins?
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1) generally has a broader spectrum
2) greater acid stability 3) resists some beta lactamases 4) good for penicillin allergies b/c antigenically dissimilar |
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List 1st generation cephalosporin(s).
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Cephazolin
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Cephazolin is an example of _____.
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1st generation cephalosporin
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Are 1st generation cephalosporins gram +? -?
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mainly gram +, some gram -
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True/False: 1st generation cephalosporins are active against Pa.
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False.
1st generation cephalosporins are NOT active against Pa. |
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True/False: 2nd generation cephalosporins are active against Pa.
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False.
2nd generation cephalosporins are still NOT active against Pa |
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What is an example of a second generation cephalosporin?
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Cefuroxime
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Are 2nd generation cephalosporins gram + or -?
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both
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Provide examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins.
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Ceftriaxone
Ceptazidime |
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What do 3rd generation cephalosporins have increased resistance to?
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Beta- Lactamase
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3rd gen. cephalosporins are gram +? gram -?
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both
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List 2 examples of Beta Lactam Rings
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1) monobactams
2) carbapenems |
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__ are useful in combination with Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
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Beta- Lactamase Inhibitors
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T/F: Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors are known as noncompetitive inhibitors.
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False; beta-lactamase inhibitors are known as COMPETITIVE inhibitors
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What is Augmentin?
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Beta- Lactamase inhibitior: Clavulonic Acid in combination with Amoxicillin
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What is Unasyn?
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Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor: Sulbactam in combination with Ampicillin
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What is Zosyn?
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Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor: Tazobactam in combination with Piperacillin
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An example of suicide substrates are: _____.
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beta-lactamase inhibitors
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What binds R-D-ALA-D-ALA?
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Vancomycin
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What activity restrictions are there for Vancomycin?
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It is restricted to gram +
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What drug is Teichoplanin similar to?
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Vancomycin
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Which drug is not yet approved by the FDA?
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Teichoplanin
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What are two types of Vancomycin Resistance?
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- Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Vancomycin-Resistant Staph (VRSA) |
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What gene does Vancomycin-Resistant Staph carry?
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-enterococcus vanA gene
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Can the resistance of Vancomycin-Resistant Staph be transferred?
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Yes, it can be transferred in the laboratory
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What is the function of Vancomycin?
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- blocks peptidoglycan precursor transfer
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What is Vancomycin used to treat?
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-Multiply Resistant Enterococcus
-Methicillin- Resistant Staph. Aureus |
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What is one drawback to Vancomycin?
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It is somewhat toxic.
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What drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?
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- cycloserine
- bacitracin |
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What is the function of cycloserine?
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- It inhibits D-alanine steps
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What is cycloserine used for?
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- it is a secondary TB drug
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What is the function of Bacitracin?
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- it inhibits the lipid carrier step
- acts on Gram + bacteria |
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How is Bacitracin typically used?
Why is this? |
Topically.
Because it is toxic |
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What drugs are bacteriocidal yet do not require cell growth for activity?
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Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E
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How do the polymyxin drugs work?
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Positively charged compounds that bind negatively charged membrane components causing cell leakage (first lps then cm lipid)
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How are polymyxin B and E used? Why?
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Topically
Because they are toxic. |
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What are polymyxin B and E used for?
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- Pseudomonas and other G-enterics
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How does daptomycin work?
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- it inserts into the membrane of gram+ organisms.
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What kinds of bacteria does daptomycin work on?
Why? |
-gram +
- b/c the molecules are too large to work on gram- bacteria |
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How is daptomycin administered?
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- It is administered by infusion over a 30min time frame due to vascular irritation
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How was daptomycin developed?
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- it was developed in response to vancomycin resistant organisms.
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What is daptomycin also known as?
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Cubicin. (manufactured by cubist)
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Are 3rd generation cephalosporins effective against Pa? Be specific!
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Yes; some, like ceftazidime.
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How is Penicillin G administered?
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Intravenously.
There are no oral formulations. |
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What are the differences between penicillin and cephalosporins? Be specific!
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The structure.
- Penicillin contains a thiazolidine ring. - Cephalosporins contain dihydrothiazine. |
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What type of drug is daptomycin?
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a lipopeptide
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Streptomycin is what type of antibiotic
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aminoglyside
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What is streptomycin's charge at physiologic ph
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positive
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Under what conditions is streptomycin inactive
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anaerobic and acidic conditions...as in urine
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streptomycin can or can't enter the cell easily...why is that
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it can't enter the cell easily and this is due to its positive charge
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what protein does streptomycin affect?
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30S subunit of ribosome, specifically the acceptor site
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what does streptomycin do at low conc
what does it do at high conc |
at low conc, increases mutations of proteins due to disruption of 30S
at high conc, prevents formation of 50S. |
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what is the mechanism of streptomycin?
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first at low dose, causes bad proteins
this leads to increased permeability in the cell. more streptomycin will enter blocking formation of the initiation complex. |
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what are other aminoglysides
can they kill anerobes |
amikcilin, neomycin, gentamycin
no. they can't kill anerobes |
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How are the other aminoglyside different than streptomycin
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the aminoglyside affects multiple proteins on the 30S subunit decreasing chances of resistance
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Is streptomycin currently used in clinical setting
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no
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What are the two tetracyclines
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tetracycline and doxycyclin
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How are aminoglysides bacteriocidal
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cause cell membrane to be compromised indirectly
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How do tetracyclines work
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they prevent the tRNA from binding the 30S subunit
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are tetracyclines cidal or static
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static
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tetracylines are given in what route of administration
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oral
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Tetracyclines can causes what in children
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mottled enemal
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Tetracyclines can cause diarrhea why?
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normal flora killed and modified
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Erythromycin blocks what
it is a type of what |
chain elongation 50S subunit
macrolide |
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What inhibits peptidyl transfer and is relatively effective agains anerobes?
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clindamycin
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Is chloramphenicol static or cidal?
is clindamycin static or cidal? |
both are static
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what is the more potent version of erythromycin that is also better with antibiotic resistance (efflux channel)
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Azithromycin
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what blocks the polypeptide chain elongation
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chloremphenicol
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Is chloramphenicol effective agains anerobes
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somewhat effective
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Clindamycin is useful for treating what type(s) of bacteria
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gram + and anerobes
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What drugs affect the 50S subunit
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Clindamycin, chloramphenicol, eyrthromycin, and azithromycin
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What antibodies inhibit the 16S RNA and the 23S RNA of the 30S and 50S subunits.
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Oxazolidinones
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Tetracyclines work well with what type of bacteria
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intracellular bacteria
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Oxazolidinones are effective against what type of bacteria
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Gram +
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Oxazolidinones have a special potential of treating what clinically important bacteria
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VREF, VRSA, MRSA
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Streptomycin can treat what bacteria
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Gram negative and TB
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What is the big problem about using streptomycin and other aminoglycosides such as amikcin, gentomycin, and neomycin?
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they are toxic to us
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New more potent derivative of tetracycline is ?
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tigecyclin that is resistance to the common meh of tetracycline resistance involving efflux pump
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sreptogrammins are used for treatment of what bacteria?
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like the oxazolidinone, kill MRSA and VREF
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mechanism of sreptogrammins
bacteriostatic or cidal |
50S bind to subunit
static |
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Mupirocin affects what type of bacteria
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nasal-carried MRSA
impetigo causing Stap Aur and Pyoge |
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Mupirocin mechanism
bacteriocidal or static |
inhibit synthesis of tRNA synthetase
both. cidal when applied topically static when low conc |
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Quinolones include fluroquinolones such as?
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ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin
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What is used to treat anthrax?
sip or lick? |
ciprofloxacin
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fluroquinolones work by what mechanism
bacteriostatic or cidal? |
they inhibit dna gyrase
cidal |
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what are the fluroquinolones good against
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gram +
gram - P Aeurginosa Anerobics |
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Nitroimidazoles: one type is called?
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metronidazole
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nitroimidazoles are good against what bacteria
what are the other anerobics killers |
anerobics
clindamycin chloremphenical |
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Metronidazoles can kill eukaryotes such as
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protozoa
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Rifampin affects what bacteria
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general broad spectrum
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what is the mech of rifampin
bacteriocidal or static? |
it causes inhibition of RNA polymerase
cidal |
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rifampin is used for what bacterial infection as a key example
|
TB, works well with TB drugs such as isoniazid or pyrazimide
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Rifampin is effective because it is present in ?
hint: good propholactic against spreading of N. meningits |
saliva in high conc
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ethanbutanol is used for what
is it bacteriostatic or cidal? |
for treating TB
works as a static |
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Pyrizinamide is used for what
is it bacteriostatic or cidal? |
for treating TB
works as a cidal |
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When can you have antagonism between antibiotics?
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when bacteriocidals requiring growth (penicillin) are mixed with bacteriostatics (like tetracycline)
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when can you have synergism between two different drug
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when a cell wall compromising antibiotic is given (pennicilin or polymyexin) with a slowly permeable antibiotic (streptomyacin)
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antibiotics should be mixed when (3)
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synergy is expected
resistance is reduced dosage of toxic drug is reduced (streptomycin and vanco) |
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what are some reasons for antibiotic resistance (4)
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enzyme alteration
entry inhibited / pumped out inactivated antibiotic drug-binding target is replaced |
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aminoglycosides resistance occurs via?
chloramphenicols resistance occurs via? erythromycin resistance occurs via? |
acetylation / phosphor of gentamycin
acetylation of chloramp hydrolyzes the lactane ring all are inactivation of the antibiotic |
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how is the tetracycline resistance via?
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pumping it out
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example of antibiotic resistance due to altered membrane permeability is? (2)
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beta-lactams, chloramphenicol (OM)
aminoglycosides (Inner Mem) |
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example of ribosomal target alterations (2)
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erythromycin: methylation of 50S sub
streptomycin: 30S sub |
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how is vancomycin resistance mech?
|
change in the enzyme product so not sensitive for d-ala-d-ala
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resistance to sulfonamide and trimethoprim
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altered enzymes so products still made
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what organism does the polyenes affect?
what about the polymyxins? |
fungi
bacteria (gram negative rods like Pseudomonas) |
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What are the two polyenes
|
amphotericin B and Nystatin
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how do the polyenes work?
|
bind to sterol membranes causing damage. Selective for ergosterols.
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Which polyene is approved to be used for systemic purposes?
which are toxic? |
Amphotericin B
both are toxic but Nystatin is too toxic |
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why is Nystatin used as a "swish and swallow" drug
|
b/c polyenes have poor absorbption like aminoglycosides for bacteria
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Which polyene is bacteriostatic and which is cidal?
|
Nystatin is static
Amphoterecin is cidal |
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How do Azoles work compared to the polyenes
|
Azoles inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol (cyto 450 blocked) thus inhibiting cell membranes
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What are Azoles given as?
are they static or cidal? |
systemic (delivered orally). risk of hepatic toxicity if 0.01%, compared to amphotericin which is injected only and is toxic
it is static |
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What are the different types of Azoles available and what are they used for?
|
Fluconazole (very effective), itraconazoele (less effective), ketoconazoles (toxic and less effective)
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Echinocandins act on what fungal aspect
|
inhibit glucan systhesis (1-3 B-D glucan synthase)
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What are the two types of echinocandins
|
anidulafungin and caspofungin
these prevent proper formation of fungal cell wall |
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What is the fungal antimetabolite called?
|
flucytosine?
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What is Flucytosine's mechanism
|
it replaces uracil w/ flurouracil blocking RNA synthesis
it also inhibits the thymidylate synthase |
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Caspofungin is effective against?
how is it given? is it cidal or static? |
candidas albicans
intravenously both...it depends on the fungi |
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Does disinfection imply killing all organisms?
|
No. that is the meaning of sterilization.
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