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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone. Two types:
Type 1 is a loss of spongy bone, it usually produces sudden breaks . Normal spongy bone has thick walls while degraded spongy bones are thin and brittle. Type II is a slow loss of spongy and compact , usually causes vertebrae bones to compress downward. |
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Factors affecting osteoporosis
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Sex, age, race ( darker skin has thicker bones), activity (increase activity has thicker bones), smoking, alcohol, nutrition
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Comparing Ferrous and Ferric Iron
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Ferrous is a +2 Charge while Ferric is +3, Iron is able to switch between the two allowing it to be used in different ways through out the body.
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Fe (Iron)
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Iron, It aids electron transport proteins. It can be found hemoglobin and myoglobin. . It is required for making amino acids, hormones and neurotransmitters. It can be held inside intestinal cells by the protein mucosal ferrtin. Deficiency symptoms include: Anemia, fatigue, headaches, feeling cold, pica (craving for unusual substances). Toxicity Occurs at 6x the RDA. Toxicity symptoms include: Weakness, hair loss, joint pain and an enlarged liver. Good Sources include: Meat and green vegetables. It's absorption is enhanced by vitamin C, organic acids and sugar. It is inhibited by fiber, additive EDTA, tannic acid, calcium, phosphorus.
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Hemochromatosis
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Genetic defect in which the intestine excessively absorbs iron. Leads to arthritis, loss of body hair, ammenhorea (no menstrual cycle), impotence in the males, heart failure and liver cancer.
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Zn (Zinc)
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Zinc, it is required by over 100 enzymes. It participates in Enteropancreatic ciriculatation. (Moves from intestine --->blood ---> pancreas ---->enzymes and back into the intestine.) It can be attached and stored to a protein called metallothionein. Transported through the blood by a protein called albumin. Deficiency symptoms include: slow growth, decreased pancreatic, thyroid, immune function and decreased vitamin A metabolism. Toxicity occurs at 50 mg. Toxicity symptoms include: atherosclerosis (degeneration of heart muscle). Good sources include: meat, eggs and whole grains.
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I (Iodine)
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Iodine, required for thyroid hormones. Deficiency symptoms include: weight gain, fatigue, goiter. Toxicity occurs at 1100 micrograms. Toxicity symptoms include: goiter. Good sources include: dairy, bread, iodized salt, seafood
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Cu (Copper)
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Copper, required by enzymes that deal with oxygen radicals. Deficiency symptoms include: anemia, slow growth and low metabolism. Toxicity occurs at 10mg. Toxicity symptoms include: vomiting, diarrhea and liver damage. Good sources include: legumes, grains, nuts and seafood.
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Mn (Manganese)
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Manganese, required by enzymes in metabolism. Deficiency symptoms include: slow growth. Toxicity occurs at 11mg. Toxicity symptoms include: brain disorders. Good sources include: nuts, leafy vegetables, grains.
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F (Fluorine)
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Fluorine. Deficiency symptoms include: tooth decay, Toxicity occurs at 10mg. Toxicity symptoms include: Tooth decay, nausea, chest pain and diarrhea. Good Sources include: Water and seafood.
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Cr (Chromium)
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Chromium, required for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as working with insulin. Deficiency symptoms include: diabetes like symptoms. Toxicity has not been reported yet. Although they believe that it will come in few years. Good sources include: meat, whole grains, nuts and cheese.
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Se (Selenium)
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Selenium, helps prevent oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. It helps activate thyroid hormones. Deficiency symptoms include: heart disease. Toxicity occurs at 400 micrograms. Toxicity symptoms include: vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss and skin/nervous system damage. Good Sources include: meat and grains.
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Mo (Molybdenum)
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Molybdenum, required by enzymes. Deficiency is unknown. Toxicity occurs at 2mg. Toxicity symptoms include: reproductive problems, kidney damage, and gout (crystals in joints) like symptoms. Good sources include: grains, liver, milk and legumes.
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Symptoms of Pb (lead) toxicity
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Poor coordination, poor hearing, poor concentration, poor memory, slow reaction time ,slow growth, learning disabilities, behavior problems, high blood pressure, anemia and seizures.
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Bone meal
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Ground bone, Calcium is poorly absorbed and may contain lead.
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Kelp & Nori
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Seaweeds that are high in iodine. But can have arsenic or carcinogens (cancer causing compounds)
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Super blue green algae
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Freeze dried pond scum, people take it in pills, But it hurts more then helps there is no medical benefit.
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Benefits of Fitness
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Sleep is more restful, allows people to eat more, better bone density, improved immune and cardio vascular systems, reduces anxiety, cancer and diabetes.
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4 diseases linked to lack of activity
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High blood pressure, cancer, Stroke, Heart disease
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Sedentary
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Physically inactive.
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3 components of fitness
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1. Flexibility 2. Strength 3. Endurance
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Progressive overload principle
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Training system that gradually increases the demand on the body.
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size
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Atrophy
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Decrease in cell size
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Slow twitch muscle fibers
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Contain a lot of myglobin, mitochondria and aerobic enzymes. They can contract for long periods of time. (endurance)
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Fast twitch muscle fibers
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Contain little myglobin and mitochondria but a lot of glycogen. Very powerful muscles but tire out quickly.
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ATP
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Adenosine Triphospate, nucleic acid that releases energy when its last phosphate is broken off.
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PC
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Phosphocreatine, gives a phosphate to the used ATP to restore it.
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Glycogen use during exercise
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Muscle store it then break it into glucose which leaves enough for two hours of activity. A high carbohydrate diet increases glycogen formation which increases endurance.
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Oxygen debt
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Deficiency of oxygen that occurs in muscles because the cardio vascular system can not keep up with the muscle activity. The muscles turn glucose into lactic acid.
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Lactic acid
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3 carbon compound produced from pyruvate when little oxygen is available. Reduces the excretion of uric acid which causes joint inflammation and weakness.
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Fat use during activity
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At the beginning of low intensity exercise fatty acids from the blood are used to make ATP then a few minutes later epinephrine is released which causes adipose cells to release more fatty acids into the blood. High intensity burns glucose and proteins and does muscle building and cardiovascular
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Protein use during activity
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Proteins provide about 10 percent of the fuel required during exercise. Protein synthesis is suppressed during exercise.
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Hyperthermia
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Increase body temperature
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Heat stroke
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Body temperature of 105 or higher, causes irritability poor coordination, decreased sweating, confusion and seizures.
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hypothermia
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Abnormally low body temperature
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Sports drinks
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They do not prevent salt depletion then water alone. They are not going stop you from losing salts, they can replace them. They are glucose is of no value to the moderate exerciser. Advantages: Psychological (do better) , taste can increase fluid intake.
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Activity induced FE deficiency
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Iron leaves in the sweat and red blood cells are destroyed with impact. Iron is poorly absorbed during exercise.
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Female athlete problems
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Causes amenorrhea, low estrogen and infertility and bone loss. (super intense exercise). Often acquire eating disorders
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Carbohydrate loading
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Exhaustive exercise with restricted carbohydrates followed by less exercise and high carbohydrate diet. It forces glycogen into muscles but the side effects include: arrthymias, ketosis, nausea, dizziness and fatigue.
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Ergogenic
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Work enhancing
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Protein powders
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Provide excess protein that most athletes don't need. The break down is hard on the kidneys
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Complete nutrition supplements
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Most are rarely complete, but the benefit is if a person is nervous and cannot eat they can take one to help.
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Soda loading
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Eating baking soda to neutralize lactic acid. Side effects: dizziness, diarrhea and cramps.
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Anabolic steroids
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Stimulate muscle development. Side effects: aggressiveness, acne, hair loss, depression, testicular atrophy, liver damage and heart failure.
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hGH
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Human growth hormone, it can make a person taller and larger. Side effects: acropmegaly, diabetes, thyroid problems, heart disease, shorter life span.
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Blood doping
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Removing red blood cells from a person and storing them then reinserting them before an event, doing it to increase the oxygen carrying ability. Changes the blood chemistry and slows the blood and can cause heart attacks
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USDA
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Department of agriculture, responsible for the quality of meat, poultry and eggs
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FDA
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Food and Drug Administration, responsible for all other foods and supplements.
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EPA
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Environmental Protection Agency, responsible for pesticides and water quality.
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CDC
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Centers for Disease Control, responsible for food borne diseases.
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Food born Illness
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Two types:
-Infections occurred by eating bacteria, the most common symptoms are cramps, diarrhea and fever -Intoxications occurred by eating toxins produced by bacteria in the food, the most common symptoms are weakness vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and burry visions. |
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Cross Contamination
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Bacteria in raw meat are allowed to contact other foods or utensils which are not cooked or cleaned properly
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Bioaccumulation
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The concentration of contaminants up the food chain, Fish eats, fish eats fish, we eat fish
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Heavy metals
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High atomic weight elements, denature proteins and poison the nervous system.
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Organic halogens
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Carbon compounds that contain a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
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Natural toxicants in foods
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Some mushrooms contain poisons, some eat it on purpose to reach a high or euphoria, cabbages and turnips contain goitrogens which cause thyroid enlargements. Lima beans and fruit seeds have cyanogens which release cyanide. Green Potato skins contain solanine which is a narcotic.
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Delany Clause
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States that no substance known to cause cancer can be added to foods.
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Margin of Safety
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Zone between the amount used and the amount that causes harm
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Common food additives
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Colors, flavors, nutrients, preservatives, anti oxidants, thickeners
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How salt and sugar prevent microbial growth
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Cause the movement of water of the microbe so that it shrivels and dies.
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Nitrites & Nitrates
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NO2 compounds & NO3 compounds, they preserved and enhance flavor, can be converted to nitrosamines which can cause cancer.
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Sulfites
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Cheap antioxidants but they cause allergic reactions in some people.
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Chinese restaurant syndrome
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Allergic reaction to MSG (flavor enhancer), symptoms include chest pain, headache, and erythema (red skin)
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Radiolytic products
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Broken pieces of nutrients caused by preserving food with radiation.
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Incidental food additives
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Not purposefully added and usually occur during harvesting or processing, such as bug bits, glass, etc
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Transgenic and types of DNA inserted
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And individual that grew from and embryonic cell that had DNA inserted. Growth genes, disease resistant, slow rotting, brighter colors
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Public water supply
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Two main sources are surface such as rivers and lakes, and ground water, taken from aquifers which are large underground rocks filled with water. Hard water is high in Ca. Mg, so the person can have excess then needed which could lead to toxicity, soft water is high in sodium that could have the same effect.
Cleaning process: Screen--->sedimentation---->activated sludge or trickling filter---->Cl UV or O3 Bottled water is supposed to be regulated by the FDA but the standards are not very strict and well regulated. No guarantee that there isn't high containments. |
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4 factors that usually comprise nutrition assessment
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1.History 2.Lab tests, physical exam, anthropometrics
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Factors involved in a patients history
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Current Disease state, Ethnic, Religious, educational (status), income level, drugs using, diets
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Anthropometrics
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Body measurements, body fat, lean tissue, waist to hip ratio,
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Macrocytic RBC
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Large red blood cells that indicate a B-12 deficiency.
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Microcytic RBC
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Small red bloods cells that indicate Iron deficiency
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Hypochromic
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Two little hemoglobin in the red blood cells
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Normochromic
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Normal amount of hemoglobin
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Hematocrit
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Percent of red blood cells in the blood
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Protoporphyrin
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Molecule that joins with iron to make heme, it will build up in the blood if iron is low.
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Serum Albumin
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Protein in the blood that helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and it transports nutrients. A low level indicates a prolonged protein depletion or a serious disease.
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Nutritional care plan
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1.Strategy for correcting nutritional problems 2. educate the patient on what the need for the body is and how to deal with it 3. Developed by a dietician but often explained by a different medical professional.
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Regular diet
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All foods and a standard balance of nutrients
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Therapeutic diet
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Regular diet modified for a special need.
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Administrative dietitian
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Manages a food service system.
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Clinical dietitian
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Direct patient care
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Registered dietitian technician
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Person with an associate degree in nutrition, they help a registered dietitian.
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Selective menus
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A list of food that meets the clients needs and allows them to chose things that they like.
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Diet manual
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A book that describes foods allowed for a particular diet plus reasons, explanations and sample menus.
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Diet order
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A written prescription for a particular diet.
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NPO
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Nothing by mouth.
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Communication techniques
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Use a caring attitude, do not be judgmental, do not use words that may not be understood by patients, Don't use abbreviations, maintain eye contact, provide meaningful feedback
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Medical Records
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Continuous written accounts of a patients statistics.
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Therapeutic diet
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Regular diet modified for a special need.
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Administrative dietitian
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Manages a food service system.
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Clinical dietitian
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Direct patient care
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Registered dietitian technician
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Person with an associate degree in nutrition, they help a registered dietitian.
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Selective menus
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A list of food that meets the clients needs and allows them to chose things that they like.
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Diet manual
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A book that describes foods allowed for a particular diet plus reasons, explanations and sample menus.
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Diet order
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A written prescription for a particular diet.
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NPO
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Nothing by mouth.
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Communication techniques
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Use a caring attitude, do not be judgmental, do not use words that may not be understood by patients, Don't use abbreviations, maintain eye contact, provide meaningful feedback
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Medical Records
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Continuous written accounts of a patients statistics.
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POMR
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Problem oriented medical record. Problem- plan list
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Diagnosis
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Disease a person has
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Prognosis
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Predicted outcome
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Placenta
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Organ formed in the uterus where the mothers blood flows next to the babies blood vessels so that nutrients can be transferred
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Amniotic sac
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Fluid filled membrane that surrounds the baby
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Umbilical cord
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Structure through which fetal arteries and veins flow from baby to mother
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Zygote
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Fertilized egg
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Implantation
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Embedding of the zygote into the uterus.
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Gestation
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Period from conception to birth (9 months)
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Embryo
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Developing baby until about two months
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Fetus
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Developing baby two months to birth
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Nutrition and Early Pregnancy
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Poor nutrition causes the placenta to develop poorly. Once the placenta is formed it can not be changed. Being under weight affects both mother and child. While being over weight affects mostly mother.
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Energy and protein requirements during pregnancy
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Energy is 300 calories more. Protein requirement is 10 grams more. These are daily.
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Vitamins required during pregnancy
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Slightly more B vitamins but folate and b6 is needed. If you don’t get enough you can cause defects.
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Minerals required during pregnancy
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Extra iron is needed, zinc, and iodine.
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Recommended weight during pregnancy
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15-25 lbs if overweight before pregnancy, 25-35 lbs if the woman is normal weight before pregnancy, 30-40 lbs if the mother is underweight.
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Problems associated with pregnancy
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Cravings- recommendation is to eat what they are craving, nausea-recommendation is bland foods, constipation- Eat more fiber, hemorrhoids- recommendation is exercise, Varicose veins - recommendation is exercise
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Most important indicator of baby's future
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Birth weight.
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Diabetes
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Increases the chance for abortion unless under control.
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Hypertension
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Causes low birth weight also causes placenta abruptio
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Gestational disease
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Hormones from the placenta disrupt the mothers glucose levels
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Pre eclampsia
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Swelling and high blood pressure it can progress to seizures and kidney failures
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Adolescent pregnancy
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Most teenage girls rarely meet RDA's without being pregnant, pregnancy usually caused decreased adult health. High blood pressure is 50 percent more common during pregnancy, low birth weights and still births are common. A larger weight gain is recommended.
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Teratogens
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Compounds that cause birth defects,
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Practices incompatible with pregnancy
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Alcohol consumption will concentrate 10x in the baby. Nearly all drugs pass through the placenta and effect the baby. Aspirin causes iron deficiency and decreases fetal circulation while causing uterine contractions. Tobacco causes low birth weight lower fetal circulation and poor breathing and increases the chance for SIDS as well as decreases intelligence in the baby and cause birth defects. Vitamin and mineral mega doses are toxic to the baby. Caffeine lowers the baby weight. Weight loss by the mother damages the baby's brain.
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Lactation
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Breast feeding, requires and extra 500- 650 calories per day, 150 comes from mother. Milk quality is maintained as the expense of the mother. Smoking reduces milk volume. Alcohol, caffeine and some drugs enter breast milk.
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Breast milk
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Contains fat digesting enzymes along with the fat. Protein content is lower than cows milk but the protein carried is alpha lactalbumin which is easier to digest. Also it contains lactoferrin which helps iron absorption also high in vitamin C and low in vitamin D, contains a zinc binding protein. Contains antibodies and bifidus factors which promote the growth of lactobacillus. (lactobacillus is the good microbe in milks
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Colostrum
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A watery secretion of protein, antibodies, vitamins and minerals, released from the mothers breast the first few days after birth
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Infant formulas
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Should be iron fortified, do not contain antibodies, they increase the chance of ear and tooth infections.
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Nutritional considerations of a preterm and growing infants
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Premature infants are born with less nutrients stores in the body and immature absorption. Breast milk adapts and increases the nutrients, store bought formulas should be designed for preterm. For normal babies the birth weight should double by 4 months and triple by one year, there intestines are too immature for solid food until birth weight has doubled or until can sit with support or at 4-5 months, babies should not be feed honey or corn syrup because of botulism spores, and children should not drink low fat or skim milk.
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FAS
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Fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation and physical defects due to a pregnant mother drinking alcohol or alcohol consumption by the father during the month prior to conception.
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Determine weight for age on a percentile growth chart
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Starting at birth it should follow a specific line trend that predetermined.
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