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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when do you use the experimental method
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1.With research projects involving relatively limited and well define concepts and propositions
2.When testing a hypothesis 3. When purpose is explanatory background |
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What are3 means for selecting subjects for experiments
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1. probability sampling- simple random, systematic (over 100 to be effective)
2. randomization- from pools of subjects, randomly assign to experimental and control groups 3. matching - specified criteria (must know relevant characteristics) |
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What is internal validity
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Control over other factors that may affect variable s under study
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What is external validity
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Refers to generalizability of results and representativenss
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Which design guards against internal validity
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classical experimental design
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Which design can control for external invalidity
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1. Solomon 4- group design (classical plus static group comparison
2. post test only control |
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What are advantages and disadvantages of experimental method
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Advantage:
- isolation of experimental variables and their impact over time - easy to replicate - logical rigor -RELIABILITY Disadvantage: -artificiality of laboratory experiment -EXTERNAL VALIDITY -INTERNAL VALIDITY |
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When should the survey method be used
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1. purpose is descriptive ( primarily), explanatory, exploratory
2. to study attitudes (orientations) 3. when studying large population 4. when individuals are the unit of analysis |
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Describe the advantages and disadvantages of open ended and close ended questions
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Advantages:
1. open ended: respondent can provide own answer 2. close ended: greater uniformity of responses and more easily processed Disadvantage: 1. open ended: -must be coded bedore they are processed -meanings must be interpreted (possible misunderstanding and research bias) -answer may be irrelevant 2. close ended - may overlook important responses - responses must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive |
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Differentiate response rate and response bias
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1. repomse rate is the percentage return rate
2. response bias refers the differences that may exist betwwen those respondents who returned the survey and those who did not |
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Clmpare self administered questionnaire and interviews
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Self Administered Questionnaire
1. cheaper, quicker, smaller staff 2. sensitive issues 3. same cost whether local or national 3. anonymity Interviews ( phone ore in person) 1. fewer incompletes 2. higher return rate 3. complicated issues 4. not limited to survey of names 5. added observations 6. decreases don't knows |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of survey
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Advantages:
1. describe characteristics of large populations 2. flexibility in analysis 3. same questions asked of all respondents 4. large sample 5. use for descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory purpose 6. RELIABILITY Disadvantages: 1. standardization may yeild superficiality (scope emphasize d at cost of depth) 2. does not deal with context 3. can't modify inthe feild 4. artificial - can't measure action 5. VALIDITY |
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What 3 type of unobtrusive research
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1. content analysis (study of recored human communications)
2. analysis of existing data (using data complied and analyzed by others) 3. historical/comparative analysis (qualitative study of of historical records) |
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When should content analysis be used
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1. to study any form of communication
2. when the unit of analysis is an artifact 3. to answer the question: who says the 5 w's and how |
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Differentiate manifest and latent content
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1. manifest is visible, surface meaning which is reliable
2. latent is the underlying meaning which is valid |
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How do existing statistics differ from secondary analysis
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1. existing stats- utilizing/analyzing official or quasi- official stats
2. secondary analysis- survey data collected and processed by one researcher are re analyze often |
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What protects against inaccurate historical records when conducting historical/comparative analysis
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1. replication
2. use a variety of sources representing differemt points of view |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of content analysis
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Advantages:
1. economical 2. safe 3. easily replicated 4. easily constructed as longitudinal study 5. unobtrusive 6. RELIABLE Disadvantages: 1. limited to recored info 2. VALIDITY |
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What should qualitaive feild work be conducted
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1. when the explanation is idiographic
2. when logic is inductive 3. when the purpose is exploratory or descriptive 4. to study attitudes/behaviors in natural setting 5. to study social processes over time |
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What is the goal of feild work
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to observe from the point of view of the participant
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What are the four roles of feild observer
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1. complete participant
- researchers completely but identity is hidden and participates fully 2. participant as observer - participates but reserachers identity is know 3. observer is participant - doesnt participate ( may interact) researchers identity known 4. complete observer - observes only, researchers identity unknown |
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How do you make sense of of feild observations
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1. record notes in details as soon as possible
2. organize observations - look for patterns and common themes, similarlies and dissimilarities 3. write in essay format - identity themes - use specific/details to support theme patterns |
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What must feild researchers beware of and how do they safeguard against it
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1. selective perception
2. inter-subjectivity and introspection |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of feild researcher
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Advantages:
1. examines social processes over time 2. flexibility 3. depth of understanding (mot superficial) 4. relatively inexpensive 5. VALIDITY Disadvantages: 1. seldom yeilds precise descriptive statements about a population 2. conclusions are suggestive, not definitive 3. generalizability of results problematic 4. RELIABILITY |
