Test 2 Metabolism And Blood

Front 1

Anabolism

Back 1

Build up; synthesis of proteins; syn. Of triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol; syn of glycogen from glucose

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

Breaking down; oxidation of glucose to CO2+H2O+energy in the form of ATP

Front 3

Deamination

Back 3

Loss of amino group

Front 4

Decarboxylation

Back 4

Loss of carboxyl group

Front 5

Dehydrogenation

Back 5

Loss of hydrogens; H picked up by NAD

Front 6

Metabolism

Back 6

All chemical reactions that occur in our body.

Front 7

Acetyl Co-A

Back 7

2 carbon acetyl group(NADH+H+CO2) combined with coenzyme-A; the "ticket" to the kreb's cycle (prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle)

Front 8

Acids in the Kreb cycle

Back 8

Oxaloacetic(6)
Citric(6)
Isocitric(6)
A-ketoglutaric(5)
Succinyl CoA(4)
Succinic(4)
Fumaric(4)
Malic(4)
Oxaloacetic(4)

Front 9

Glycogenesis

Back 9

Conversion of glucose to glycogen stimulated by INSULIN. Glycogen stored in liver and muscle

Front 10

Glycogenolysis

Back 10

Conversion of glycogen back to glucose. Glycogen converted completely to glucose only in the liver bc this is the only place where enzyme phosphatase is located. Under control of EPINEPHRINE and GLUCAGON.

Front 11

Gluconeogenesis

Back 11

Glucose from a new source such as the conversion of amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol to glucose. Process stimulated by CORTISOL (adrenal gland) and GLUCAGON (pancreas). Occurs in the liver when glucose levels are low.

Front 12

Lipogenesis

Back 12

Conversion of glucose or amino acids to fats. Requires precursor molecules, intermediates, and coenzymes and INSULIN.

Lipid anabolism

Front 13

Beta oxidation

Back 13

removal of carbons two at a time. Two carbon fragments may be conv to acetyl CoA which can enter the krebs cycle or can be conv to glucose. Most are conv to ketone bodies.

Front 14

Ketosis (aka acidosis)

Back 14

Excess of ketone bodies. Happens in diabetes mellitus where glucose is unavailable and fats are burned in excess.

Front 15

Ketogenesis

Back 15

2 carbon fragments are converted to ketone bodies

Front 16

The principal classes of nutrients are:

Back 16

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water

Front 17

in discussing metabolism we emphasized that the breaking down process is known as?

Back 17

catabolism

Front 18

what best describes biological oxidation?

Back 18

loss of Hydrogen

Front 19

reduced form of NAD?

Back 19

NAD

Front 20

the enzyme that was emphasized as being the primer for glucose was?

Back 20

hexokinase (in liver)

Front 21

what is the primary oxidizing agent in biological systems?

Back 21

NAD

Front 22

gycolysis is?

Back 22

the breakdown of glucoase to two pyruvic acid molecules

Front 23

anaerobic occurs in the ______ of O2 and produces ______ energy (ATP) for the cell than aerobic respiration.

Back 23

absence, less

Front 24

a molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is:

Back 24

pyruvic acid

Front 25

in the absence of O2 pyruvic acid is converted to ____, and most of this is dealt with via the _______ cycle.

Back 25

lactic acid; cori

Front 26

T/F the "net" gain of ATP in glycolysis is 4.

Back 26

false
net gain is 2

Front 27

which one was emphasized as being a 5 carbon compound?
fumaric/citric/alpha ketoglutaric/malic/oxaloacetic

Back 27

alpha ketoglutaric

Front 28

which one was emphasized as being the first to lose a carbon?
isocitric/succinyl CoA/citric/fumaric/acetyl CoA

Back 28

isocitric

Front 29

______ & _______ are the compounds that enter the electron transport chain.

Back 29

FADH2 & NADH2

Front 30

the iron containing compounds in the ETC that accept electrons are known as?

Back 30

cytochrones

Front 31

the TERM for the loss of CO2 by pyruvic acid is ?

Back 31

decarboxylation

Front 32

once O2 enters the metabolic process that we discussed in class, how many times did we see CO2 removed from a molecule that was involved in the process?

Back 32

three

Front 33

FAD is involoved in the Kreb's cycle between which two "players"?

Back 33

succinic and fumaric

Front 34

both the Kreb's cycle and the elctron transport reactions occur in which organelle of the cell?

Back 34

mitochondria

Front 35

oxygen is needed in:
glycolysis/krebs cycle/ETC

Back 35

none of these

Front 36

the four products that are eliminated from the krebs cycle are

Back 36

NADH2, FADH2, CO2, H+

Front 37

"2"carbon compound associated with the Kreb's cycle

Back 37

the acetyl group

Front 38

there is one molecule of ATP generated for each cycle of the Kreb's cycle. This occurs between ____ & ____ molecules?

Back 38

succinyl CoA and succinic

Front 39

list acids in the Krebs cycle in the proper squence

(partial list)

Back 39

citric, a-ketoglutaric, succinyl CoA, succinic

Front 40

when oxygen is consumed in the ETC there is resultant formation of?

Back 40

CO2

Front 41

glycogenesis occurs under the influence of which one of the following hormones?
glucagon/cortisol/norepinephrine/insulin

Back 41

insulin

Front 42

when do you suppose would be the MOST LIKELY time for glycolysis to occur?

Back 42

between meals

Front 43

lipids that are not used by the body are usually...

Back 43

stores in adipose tissue

Front 44

which hormones are involved in catabolizing fats?

Back 44

HGH, glucagon, epinephrine

Front 45

in lipogenolysis we saw that glycerol is first converted to

Back 45

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Front 46

the TERM for the loss of CO2 by pyruvic acid is ?

Back 46

decarboxylation

Front 47

once O2 enters the metabolic process that we discussed in class, how many times did we see CO2 removed from a molecule that was involved in the process?

Back 47

three

Front 48

FAD is involoved in the Kreb's cycle between which two "players"?

Back 48

succinic and fumaric

Front 49

both the Kreb's cycle and the elctron transport reactions occur in which organelle of the cell?

Back 49

mitochondria

Front 50

oxygen is needed in:
glycolysis/krebs cycle/ETC

Back 50

none of these

Front 51

lipids are primarily stored as what?

Back 51

triglycerides

Front 52

beta oxidation is a term that has reference to the catabolism of?

Back 52

fatty acids

Front 53

T/F it was emphasized that the carbon fragments from beta oxidation can be converted to glucose

Back 53

false

Front 54

T/F glycogen can be converted to free glucose in the liver because the liver contains phosphates

Back 54

true

Front 55

it was emphsized that amino acid fragments must go through the process of glycolysis before they can enter the Kreb's cycle

Back 55

false

Front 56

NH3 is converted to urea via the ____ cycle, and the process occurs in the ___?

Back 56

ornathine; liver

Front 57

transamination and deamination are terms associated with ?

Back 57

protein metabolism

Front 58

amino acids...

Back 58

*are classified as essential/nonessential
*can be synthesized in a transamination reaction
*can be used as a source of energy
*can be converted to keto acids

Front 59

Cellular respiration

Back 59

The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP. It involves four sets of reactions: glycolysis, the formation of acetyl CoA, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

Front 60

Glycolysis

Back 60

The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytosol and is anaerobic

Front 61

Ketone bodies

Back 61

Ex of: Acetone and acetoacetic acid
Liver can't conv ketone bodies to intermediate products therefore they are dumped into the blood where they are carried to cells where they are conv to acetyl CoA

Front 62

2 things that must happen to pyruvic acid before it can enter the krebs cycle

Back 62

Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation and the 2 carbon acetyl group must combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA (ticket to Krebs)

Front 63

How many ATP generated with oxidation of one glucose molecule?

Back 63

38~ 2 glycolyisis
2 Krebs cycle
34 ETC

Front 64

Intracellular fluid (ICF) makes up what % of total body water?

Back 64

62.5%

Front 65

Lymph

Back 65

Formed by filtration of the blood-same as tissue or interstitial fluid except when it enters the lymphatic vessels it is called lymph