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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Membranes |
Skin, mucous, serous, synovial |
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Membranes: composition, where is found, fuction |
Skin (epidermis, dermis) Mucous Membrane (epithelial tissue + loose connective tissue; lining the inside of hollow organs that are exposed with the external envir - digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive system) Serous Membranes (simple epithelial tissue and areolar connective tissue; lines pleural cavity, pericaedial carvity and peritoneal cavity. Synovial Membranes (synovial epithelial tissue over loose connect tissue); inner lining of joint capsules of most freely moveable joints; secretes synovial fluid that lubrificates and protects the joint) |
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Chondroblasts |
Cartilage forming cells that produce collagen and elastic fibers and cartilage ground substance |
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Chondrocytes |
Mature Cartilage cell |
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Perichondrium |
outer dense connective tissue layer that covers the cartilage |
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Types of Cartilage |
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline |
- Most common - High concentration of thin collagen fibres - Located as articular cartilage at the ends of long bones, gives the ends a smooth glassy surface - Located at the anterior end of ribs to join ribs to sternum - Articular cartilage does not have a perichnodrium |
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Elastic Cartilage |
- High concentration of elastic fibre, making this cartilage flexible and resilient - Has an outer covering of perichondrium - Found in the ear and epiglottis |
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Fibrocartilage |
- Chondrocytes and collagen fibres arranged in parallel rows - Found in the intervertebral discs between vertebrae and menisci in the knee - No perichondrium cover - very good at absorbing shock and resisting compression |
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Functions of the skeletal system |
- Support and Protection - Lever for muscles - Hematopoiesis (production of blood cells) - Storage for Minerals |
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Osteoblast |
Bone forming cell |
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Osteoclasts |
cells that break don bone and help to remodel and reshape bone |
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells |
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Compact bone |
densely packed bone on the external surface; like a shell or collar |
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Spongy bone |
loosely organized bone found in the interior of bone, particularly at the ends |
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Medullary Cavity |
Cavity located in the interior of long bones |
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Diaphysis |
Shaft or body of long bone |
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Epiphysis |
either end of a long bone, location of spongy bone |
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Articular Cartilage |
Hyaline Cartilage located on the articular ends of bone |
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Perisosteum |
Connective tissue layer on the outer surface of bone |
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Fibrous Joints |
Gomphosis, Suture, Syndesmosis |
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Gomphosis |
the connection between the root of a tooth and the bone of the maxilla or mandible |
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Suture |
In the initial development of the bones of the skull, there is a fibrous membrane between the bones. The membrane allows for the growth of the skull. Eventually the fibrous membrane ossifies into the skull bones. |
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Syndemosis |
Bones are joined by strong fibrous bands of connective tissue. Found between the radius and the ulna and between the tibia and fibula. |
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Cartilaginous |
Synchondrosis, symphysis |
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Syncondrosis |
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. It's not permanent, it ends ossifying and becomes bone. Found at the interior end of of the rib, to attach the rib to the sternum |
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Symphysis |
bones are joined by fibrocartilage pad. Found between the vertebrae as an intervertebral disc. Also found between the two pubic bones. |
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Synovial |
The joint is surrounded by a joint capsule. The capsule is thickened to form Intrinsic ligaments Some joints will have Extrinsic ligaments; ligaments joining bone but not part of the capsule The inner lining of the capsule is lined with a synovial membrane; secretes synovial fluid into the joint and acts as a lubricant, shock absorber, and cartilage nourisher. |
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Movement at Articulations |
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation, Supination, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Inversion, Eversion, Circumduction |
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Cranial |
Frontal, Pariental, Temporal, Occipital |
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Temporal bones |
Mastoid process, Mandibular fossa, Jugular foramen, Carotid canal |
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Occipital Bones |
Occipital condyles, foramen magnum, exterior occipital protuberance |
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Shenoid |
Sella turcica (hosing of pituitary gland) |
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Ethmoid |
Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) |
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Facial bones |
Mandible (body, ramus, angle, head, caronoid process, alveolar process) Maxilla (alveolar process) Vomer, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic |
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Sutures |
Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoidal, Squamosal |
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Typical vertebrae |
Body, transverse process, spinous process, lamina, pedicle, vertebral foramen, intravertebral foramen, infe/sup articulating surfaces |
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C1 vertebrae structure (ATLAS) |
Articulates with the occipital bone to hold the head No body, no pedicle, no lamina Has anterior and posterior arches |
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C2 vertebrae structure (AXIS) |
Has a structure named dens (odontoid process) projecting upward from the body. The dens is the body of C1. The dens fits against the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1 |
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Thoracic Vertebrae |
Facets at the level of the pedicle for the head of the rib to articulare Facets at the transverse process for a tubercule of the rib to articulate. Movement: Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, rotation |
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Lumbar vertebrae Movements |
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion but no rotation. |
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Sacrum landmarks |
Auricular surfaces (articulate with the ilium of the hip bone) Medial crest (remnant of the spinous process) Sacral canal (continuation of the vertebral foramen) Sacral Hiatus ( inferior opening of the sacram canal) Dorsal and Ventral foramina |
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Intervertebral disc |
Made of fibrocartilage, no discs between C1 and C2 Made of annulus fibrosus and nucleos pulposus Discs provide cushion between the vertebrae and allow for movement between the vertebrae |
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Anterior/Posterior longitudinal ligaments |
ligaments that run up and down the anterior/posterior surfaces of the vertebraes |
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Ligamentum flavum |
an elastic ligament that joins the lamina of the vertebrae. not continuos. runs from the outside surface of the lamina of one vertebrae to the inside surface of the lamine of the above vertebrae |
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Ligamentum nuchae |
continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region. privides surface area for muscles attachment and reduces muscle activity in the process of holding the head up |
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Interspinous ligament |
joins the lateral sides of the spine |
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Supraspinous ligament |
joins the tips of the spine |
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Concave anterior |
thoracic and sacral regions primary curve because the entire vertebral column in fetal development curved concave anteriously |
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Convex curves |
Cervical and Lumbar regions Second or developmental curves the curve in the cervical region develops so that the head can stay upright the curve in the lumbar region develops so that the body's centre of gravity centre will fall under the base of support during walking or running. |
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Kyphosis |
an exaggerated lower cervical - thoracic curve |
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Lordosis |
an exaggerated lumbar curve |
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Scoliosis |
an exaggerated lateral curve to the vertebral column |
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True Ribs |
first 7 |
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False Ribs |
8-12 |
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Floating ribs |
11-12 they do not articulate with the sternum; the anterior ends are embedded in the abdominal muscles |
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Ribs structure |
head, tubercule, angle, costal end |
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Sternum |
manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
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Sternum notchs and angles |
Suprasternal notch, infrasternal notch, sternal angle |
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Inspiration changes |
Vertical change, anterior/posterior and lateral change |
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Expiration |
natural elastic recoil, intercostal and abdominal muscles will pull the thorax down, compressing the air in the lungs and increasing its pressure, resulting in air rushing out of the lungs. |
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Clavicle |
Sternal end - medial end Acromial end - lateral end |
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Scapula |
spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subcapular fossa, acromion, glenoid fossa, coracoid process, super/inferior/lateral angles |
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Spine |
ridge of bone on posterior surface |
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Supraspinous fossa |
shallow depression above the spine |
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infraspinous fossa |
shallow depression below the spine |
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subcaspular fossa |
shallow depression on anterior surface |
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acromion |
expanded lateral end of spine |
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Glenoid fossa |
sallow depression to accept head of humerus |
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Coracoid process |
hook like anterior projection |
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superior/inferior/lateral angles |
angles of the triangular shaped scapula |
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Upper body ligaments |
sternoclavicular acromioclavicular costcoclavicular coracoclavicular |
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Sternoclavicular |
intrinsic thickening of the capsule around the sterno-clavicular articulation Movement in all directions |
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Acromioclavicular |
intrinsic thickening of the capsule around the acromio-clavicular articulation some gliding movement at this joint is required to accommodate the movement of the scapula on the curved surface of the thorax |
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Costoclavicular |
extrinsic ligament that joins the first rib to the clavicle |
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Corocaclavicular |
extrinsic ligament that joins the corocoid process to the clavicle Acts as a check on the range of movement |
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Scapulothoracic joint |
Not a bone to bone articulation |
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Humerus |
Head - fits into the glenoid fossa of scapula Anatomic neck Surgical neck Greater tubercule Lesser Tubercule Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Shaft medial and lateral epicondyle Throclea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum Radial fossa |
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Ligaments |
Intrinsic Ligaments: Glenohumeral Corocahumeral Transverse - bridges the intertubercular groove Coracoacromial - joins the corocoid process with the acremion of scapula |
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Bursa |
Subacromial Subsacpula |
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Radius |
Head Radial tuberosity - roughening below the head for the insertion of the bicept brachii muscle Neck Shaft Styloid Process Ulnar notch - medial side notch for ulna |
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Ulna |
Throclear notch, coronoid process, olecranon, styloid process, radial notch, head |
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Illiac |
Illiac crest illiac fossa acetabullum greater sciatic notch gluteal surface Auricular surface |
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Pubis |
symphysis pubis acetabullum obturator foramen pubis tubercule |
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Ishcium |
ischial tuberosity - large roughening on inferior/posterior aspect of the bone ischcial spine - pointed projection inferior to greater sciatic notch |
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Femur |
head greater throcanter lesser throucanter intertochanteric line intertrochanteric crest gluteal tuberosity shaft medial and lateral condyles intercondylar notch medial and lateral epicondyles adductor tubercule patellar surface
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Tibia |
medial and lateral epicondyles intercondylar eminence shaft medial malleolus fibular notch |
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Fibula |
head, shaft, lateral melleolus |
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Patella |
base - surface apex - inferior |
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Knee joint ligaments |
Medial tibia collateral lateral fibular collateral Anterior cruciate Posterior cruciate Medial and lateral meniscus |
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Movements of the knew |
Extension - screw home mechanism - femur rotates medially on the tibia. The rotation helps to line up the femur on top of the tibia so that the femur nestles onto the tibis and tyhe knee extension can be done without much muscular support. The anterior cruciate ligament provides most integrity |
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Tarsals |
Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial, lateral and intermediate cuneiform |
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Ligaments of the ankle joint |
deltoid ligament - binds the tibia to the foot, helps prevent overeversion of the foot lateral calcaneofibular anterior talufibular posterior talufibolar |
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Movements of the ankle joint |
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion - talocrural joint Inversion and eversion - subtalar joint (talus and calcaneus) transverse tarsal joint |
