Test 1 A&p2

Front 1

Compared to the nervous system, which of the following is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
A) reacts slowly to a stimulus
B) produces a longer lasting response to a stimulus
C) adapts quickly to a continual stimulus
D) communicates with electric signals

Back 1

D) communicates with electric signals

Front 2

Which of the following is not an important pathway of control between endocrine glands?
A) pituitary-gonadal axis
B) pituitary-thyroid axis
C) pituitary-adrenal axis
D) pituitary-pineal axis

Back 2

D) pituitary-pineal axis

Front 3

Driving in congested traffic may cause release of which of these pituitary hormones?
A) ADH
B) ACTH
C) TSH
D) GH

Back 3

B) ACTH

Front 4

Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone?
A) FSH
B) LH
C) TSH
D) GH

Back 4

B) LH

Front 5

This hormone, synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is produced when osmoreceptors sense a rise in blood osmolarity.
A) antidiuretic hormone
B) growth hormone
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) prolactin
E) thyroxine

Back 5

A) antidiuretic hormone

Front 6

An increase in triiodothyronine concentrations would have all of the following effects except
A) increasing sodium/potassium pump activity.
B) a rise in oxygen consumption.
C) greater heat production.
D) more mitochondrial enzymes produced.
E) enhanced thyroid stimulating hormone production.

Back 6

E) enhanced thyroid stimulating hormone production.

Front 7

Estradiol is produced by which of the following?
A) sustentacular cells of the testes
B) interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes
C) islet cells of the pancreas
D) granulosa cells of the ovary

Back 7

D) granulosa cells of the ovary

Front 8

Which gland secretes calcitonin and a hormone that stimulates ATP production?
A) pineal gland
B) thymus
C) thyroid gland
D) adrenal gland

Back 8

C) thyroid gland

Front 9

Which of the following hormones will cause a fall in blood glucose concentrations?
A) parathyroid hormone
B) epinephrine
C) melatonin
D) insulin
E) glucagon

Back 9

D) insulin

Front 10

This hormone raises blood calcium levels.
A) glucagon
B) aldosterone
C) angiotensin
D) parathyroid hormone
E) calcitonin

Back 10

D) parathyroid hormone

Front 11

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones work together to help maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Which of them works to decrease blood calcium?
A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone

Back 11

A) calcitonin

Front 12

The pineal gland produces this hormone which has effects in PMS, sleep cycles, menstrual cycles, and depression.
A) serotonin
B) melatonin
C) T1
D) T2

Back 12

B) melatonin

Front 13

The thymus is largest during which part of the human life cycle?
A) old age
B) middle age
C) teenage years
D) childhood

Back 13

D) childhood

Front 14

Which of the following concepts explains the fact that target cells do not have a great number of receptors and normal circulating blood concentrations of hormones are very low?
A) hormone specificity
B) hormone saturation
C) hormone half-life
D) enzyme amplification

Back 14

D) enzyme amplification

Front 15

The G-protein functions as
A) a peripheral membrane protein.
B) a first messenger.
C) an enzyme activator.
D) a ligand.

Back 15

B) a first messenger.

Front 16

The stress response includes all of the following except the
A) alarm reaction.
B) resistance stage.
C) exhaustion stage.
D) delay stage.

Back 16

D) delay stage.

Front 17

The synthesis of which of the following paracrine substances will be least affected by the daily administration of steroids?
A) somatostatin
B) leukotrienes
C) prostacyclin
D) prostaglandins
E) thromboxanes

Back 17

A) somatostatin

Front 18

Chemical messengers that don't travel in blood but simply diffuse into and affect nearby cells are called ________ secretions.
A) endocrine
B) paracrine
C) exocrine
D) holocrine

Back 18

B) paracrine

Front 19

A lack of antidiuretic hormone will lead to
A) acromegaly.
B) dwarfism.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) endemic goiter.
E) diabetes mellitus

Back 19

C) diabetes insipidus

Front 20

Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the following?
A) bone resorption and renal calculi
B) decreased blood calcium and muscle tetany
C) exophthalmos
D) endemic goiter

Back 20

A) bone resorption and renal calculi

Front 21

All of the following are anatomical differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system except the
A) type of neurotransmitter used.
B) efferent pathway.
C) afferent pathway.
D) type of effectors.

Back 21

C) afferent pathway.

Front 22

There are about ___ postganglionic neurons for every preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division.
A) 2
B) 17
C) 24
D) 100

Back 22

B) 17

Front 23

Which of the following pairs of terms is correct?
A) facial, CN V
B) oculomotor, CN IV
C) glossopharyngeal, CN XI
D) vagus, CN X
E) spinal accessory, CN IX

Back 23

D) vagus, CN X

Front 24

This cranial nerve is the only nerve to innervate structures in the thorax and abdomen.
A) trigeminal
B) spinal accessory
C) hypoglossal
D) facial
E) vagus

Back 24

E) vagus

Front 25

Which cranial nerve sends branches to the heart?
A) VIII
B) IX
C) X
D) XI

Back 25

C) X

Front 26

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem as part of which four cranial nerves?
A) III, IV, V, and VI
B) III, V, VII, and IX
C) III, VII, IX, and X
D) V, VI, IX, and X

Back 26

C) III, VII, IX, and X

Front 27

The communicating rami are
A) afferent fibers.
B) efferent fibers.

Back 27

A) afferent fibers.

Front 28

The _____ communicating ramus has preganglionic fibers that travel from spinal nerve to a paravertebral ganglion.
A) white
B) gray

Back 28

A) white

Front 29

Which of the following is an example of a sympathetic effect?
A) bronchoconstriction
B) stimulation of muscle of urinary bladder
C) serous salivary secretion
D) ciliary muscle relaxation for far vision

Back 29

D) ciliary muscle relaxation for far vision

Front 30

Inhibits GH secretion from adenohypophsis

Back 30

G Somatostatin

Front 31

consequence of a dietary iondine deficiency

Back 31

O Endemic goiter

Front 32

hormone that stimulates HCI secretion by the stomach

Back 32

D gastrin

Front 33

enzyme that phosphorylates other enzymes

Back 33

A kinase

Front 34

formed when two diiodotyrosine residues are linked

Back 34

R thyroxine

Front 35

hormone of the kidneys and liver that increases red blood cell production

Back 35

T erythropoietin

Front 36

caused by certain viruses acting on genetically susceptible people

Back 36

H type 1 DM

Front 37

polypeptide, primarily from the liver, that promotes the actions of GH

Back 37

P somatomedin

Front 38

any pituitary hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes

Back 38

I gonadotropin

Front 39

stimulates release of glucocoricoids from adrenal cortex

Back 39

M ACTH

Front 40

16. The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except
A. adrenal gland.
B. smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta.
C. cardiac muscle in the right atrium.
D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis.
E. parotid salivary gland

Back 40

D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis.

Front 41

17. Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except
A. correcting the diameter of the pupil.
B. adjusting heart rate and force.
C. altering salivary mucus secretion.
D. regulating gastrointestinal mobility.
E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck.

Back 41

E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck.

Front 42

18. Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
A. sensory receptor  interneuron  afferent nerve fiber  efferent nerve fiber  gland
B. sensory receptor  efferent nerve fiber  interneuron  afferent nerve fiber  gland
C. sensory receptor  afferent nerve fiber  interneuron  efferent nerve fiber  gland
D. sensory receptor  efferent nerve fiber  afferent nerve fiber  interneuron  gland
E. sensory receptor  interneuron  efferent nerve fiber  afferent nerve fiber  gland

Back 42

C. sensory receptor  afferent nerve fiber  interneuron  efferent nerve fiber  gland

Front 43

19. Parasympathetic tone
A. holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
B. accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate.
C. might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation.
D. affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction.
E. does not affect heart rate.

Back 43

A. holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.

Front 44

20. Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving
A. anger.
B. digestion.
C. exercise.
D. stress.
E. arousal.

Back 44

B. digestion.

Front 45

21. ___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
A. "Fight or flight" activity
B. Visceral motor activity
C. Autonomic reflex arc activity
D. Visceral tone
E. Autonomic tone.

Back 45

E. Autonomic tone.

Front 46

22. The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are)
A. norepinephrine (NE).
B. acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE).
C. acetylcholine (ACh).
D. dopamine.
E. dopamine and norepinephrine (NE).

Back 46

C. acetylcholine (ACh).

Front 47

23. The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ___, and/whereas the effect of somatic fibers is ___.
A. always excitatory; always excitatory too
B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
C. excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
D. always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
E. always inhibitory; always excitatory

Back 47

B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

Front 48

24. Autonomic nervous system
A. controls skeletal muscle contraction.
B. has no ganglia along its nerves.
C. uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively.
D. denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
E. usually controls conscious actions.

Back 48

D. denervation would cause hypersensitivity.

Front 49

25. In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute.
A. baroreceptors; decrease
B. proprioceptors; decrease
C. baroreceptors; increase
D. proprioceptors; increase
E. chemoreceptors; increase

Back 49

A. baroreceptors; decrease

Front 50

26. The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __ neurons.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
E. four

Back 50

C. two

Front 51

28. Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete ____.
A. myelinated; norepinephrine (NE)
B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
C. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE)
D. unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
E. unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE)

Back 51

B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 52

30. Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in
A. the vagus nerve.
B. the trigeminal nerve.
C. the pelvic nerve.
D. the sacral plexus.
E. the sciatic nerve.

Back 52

A. the vagus nerve.

Front 53

31. Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ____ region(s) of the spinal cord.
A. cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
B. thoracic and lumbar
C. thoracic
D. cervical
E. lumbar

Back 53

B. thoracic and lumbar

Front 54

32. The sympathetic chain of ganglia (paraventral ganglia) is found at the ___ level of the spinal cord.
A. cervical and thoracic
B. thoracic and lumbar
C. thoracic, lumbar and sacral
D. sacral, lumbar and cocygeal
E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and cocygeal

Back 54

E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and cocygeal

Front 55

33. These are all features of the sympathetic division except
A. it originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
B. it has long postganglionic fibers.
C. it has long preganglionic fibers.
D. its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column.
E. it has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect

Back 55

C. it has long preganglionic fibers.

Front 56

34. These are all characteristics of the parasympathetic division except
A. its effects are local.
B. the terminal ganglia are very close to their target organs.
C. it originates in the craniosacral region of the spinal cord.
D. it has short preganglionic fibers.
E. it has short postganglionic fibers.

Back 56

D. it has short preganglionic fibers.

Front 57

35. This figure shows the neural pathway through the autonomic nervous system. What does structure the "3" represents?
A. postganglionic sympathetic fiber
B. preganglionic sympathetic fiber
C. somatic motor fiber
D. preganglionic parasympathetic fiber
E. postganglionic parasympathetic fiber

Back 57

B. preganglionic sympathetic fiber

Front 58

36. This figure shows the neural pathway through the autonomic nervous system. What structure(s) is(are) not associated with the autonomic nervous system?
A. 3
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 6
D. 2
E. 7

Back 58

D. 2

Front 59

37. Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with 10 to 20 postganglionic neurons. This results in
A. sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord all along its length.
B. sympathetic nervous system having a relative widespread effect.
C. sympathetic spinal nerves being smaller.
D. sympathetic ganglia being close to the spinal cord.
E. spinal nerves being smaller.

Back 59

B. sympathetic nervous system having a relative widespread effect.

Front 60

40. This figure shows a division of the autonomic nervous system. The label __ represents the Vagus Nerve (CN X).
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
E. 5

Back 60

A. 4

Front 61

41. Which nerve(s) carries most parasympathetic fibers?
A. spinal nerves
B. pelvic splanchnic nerves
C. nerves of the abdominal aortic plexus
D. vagus nerve (CN X)
E. facial nerve (CN VII)

Back 61

D. vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 62

42. The parasympathetic division arises from the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord.
A. brain, thoracic and lumbar
B. brain, sacral and coccygeal
C. brain, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
D. sacral and lumbar
E. brain and sacral

Back 62

E. brain and sacral

Front 63

43. Damage of ___ will affect near vision accommodation.
A. celiac ganglion
B. oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C. facial nerve (CN VII)
D. glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
E. cardiac plexus

Back 63

B. oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Front 64

46. If a cell has 1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to
A. acetylcholine (ACh).
B. norepinephrine (NE).
C. adrenalin.
D. alpha adrenalin.
E. nicotine.

Back 64

B. norepinephrine (NE).

Front 65

47. All of the following are under dual control of the ANS except
A. pupil diameter.
B. heart rate.
C. salivary gland activity.
D. adrenal medulla activity.
E. gastrointestinal motility

Back 65

D. adrenal medulla activity.

Front 66

36. The ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
A. thyroid
B. thymus
C. adrenal gland
D. spleen
E. parathyroid

Back 66

B. thymus

Front 67

38. The ___ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
A. thymus
B. thyroid gland
C. parathyroid glands
D. pineal gland
E. pituitary gland

Back 67

C. parathyroid glands

Front 68

39. The ___ secrete(s) ___, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine
B. pancreas; cortisol
C. kidneys; corticosterone
D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone
E. thyroid; calcitonin

Back 68

D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone

Front 69

40. The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes
A. glucagon.
B. androgens.
C. estradiol.
D. aldosterone.
E. cortisol.

Back 69

E. cortisol.

Front 70

48. Propanolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to
A. increase heart rate.
B. decrease heart rate.
C. produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries.
D. produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle.
E. produce bronchodilation

Back 70

B. decrease heart rate.

Front 71

49. Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?
A. acetylcholine
B. nicotine
C. muscarine
D. norepinephrine
E. thyroxine

Back 71

D. norepinephrine

Front 72

50. Muscarinic receptors bind
A. epinephrine.
B. norepinephrine.
C. monoamine oxidase (MAO).
D. acetylcholinesterase.
E. acetylcholine.

Back 72

E. acetylcholine.

Front 73

51. The binding of ___ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will ___ it.
A. acetylcholine; excite
B. norepinephrine; excite
C. monoamine oxidase; inhibit
D. acetylcholine; inhibit
E. acetylcholinesterase; excite

Back 73

A. acetylcholine; excite

Front 74

52. Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?
A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B. nicotinic receptor
C. muscarinic receptor
D. alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
E. beta receptor

Back 74

C. muscarinic receptor

Front 75

53. Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of
A. blood clotting.
B. blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
C. sweating.
D. hair erection.
E. gastrointestinal motility

Back 75

E. gastrointestinal motility

Front 76

54. ___ is an example of cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.
A. Orgasm
B. Bronchodilation
C. Gastrointestinal secretion
D. Heart rate
E. Vasomotor tone

Back 76

E. Vasomotor tone

Front 77

55. Sympathetic fibers do not release
A. acetylcholine.
B. nitric oxide (NO).
C. substance P.
D. neuropeptide Y.
E. Norepinephrine.

Back 77

B. nitric oxide (NO).

Front 78

56. Sympathetic effects tend to last ___ than parasympathetic effect. One reason is that ___.
A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
56. Sympathetic effects tend to last ___ than parasympathetic effect. One reason is that ___.
A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters
D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO

C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters
D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO

Back 78

B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without

Front 79

57. This enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE) in nerve fibers.
A. noradrenalinase
B. adenosine
C. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D. norepinephrinase
E. catchol-O-methyltrasferase (COMT

Back 79

C. monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Front 80

58. A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ____ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ____.
A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
B. postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
C. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
D. postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
E. somatic; norepinephrine (NE)

Back 80

A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 81

59. Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely
A. activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities.
B. block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis.
C. stimulate -2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles.
D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant.
E. inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression.

Back 81

D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant.

Front 82

60. A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called _____, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.
A. glycine
B. dopamine
C. serotonin
D. melatonin
E. adenosine

Back 82

E. adenosine

Front 83

61. Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?
A. preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
B. postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
C. postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
D. all motor fibers of the somatic motor system
E. preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division

Back 83

B. postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Front 84

62. The ___ is a specially important center of autonomic control.
A. pons
B. medulla oblongata
C. hypothalamus
D. midbrain
E. pituitary gland

Back 84

C. hypothalamus

Front 85

63. Autonomic function receives input from all these except
A. spinal cord.
B. cerebral cortex.
C. hypothalamus.
D. medulla oblongata.
E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 85

E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.

Front 86

E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 86

E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.

Front 87

64. ___ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
A. Facial
B. Trigeminal
C. Vagus
D. Celiac
E. Splanchnic

Back 87

E. Splanchnic

Front 88

65. Which of the following is associated with the "flight or fight" reaction?
A. pupillary constriction
B. glycogen synthesis
C. increased gastric motility
D. reduced urinary output
E. reduced heart rate

Back 88

D. reduced urinary output

Front 89

Preganglionic fibers run from
A. Posterior root ganglia to gray matter
B. Posterior root ganglia to autonomic ganglia
C. Gray matter to posterior root ganglia
D. Gray matter to autonomic ganglia
E.Autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors.

Back 89

D. Gray matter to autonomic ganglia

Front 90

Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes. These are all reason for this except
A. effector pathway in the somatic reflex are is myelinated
B. Effector pathway in the visceral reflex are involves more neurons
c. Effector pathway in the visceral reflex are involves more chemical synapses
D. Some of the neurons in the effect pathway in the visceral reflex are unmyelinated
E Effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Back 90

E Effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Front 91

___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
A.aldosterone
B.Cortiisol
C.Testosteron
D.Calcitriol
E.Glucagon

Back 91

E.Glucagon

Front 92

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by
A.Cortisol
B.Epinephrine
C.Norephinephrine
D.angiotensin
E.aldosterone.

Back 92

A.Cortisol