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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Biology |
The study of living organisms and their environments |
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Atom |
Smallest unit of an element of matter composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons |
Structural unit of all matter |
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Molecule |
Union of 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements |
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Tissue |
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
A group of cells with a common structure and function |
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Humans are |
Multicellular |
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All living things |
Take energy via environment; need energy to survive |
E.G., Humans - eat food |
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Organ |
Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task |
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Organ system |
Several types of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
The brain works with the spinal cord to send commands to body parts by way of nerves |
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Organism |
A collection of of organ systems An individual Complex individuals contain organ systems |
E.G., Trees and humans; all living things |
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Species |
A group of Interbreeding organisms |
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Population |
A group of species/ organisms in a particular area |
E.g., a tropical grassland - zebras, acacia trees, and humans |
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Community |
Interacting populations in a particular area |
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Ecosystem |
A community plus the physical environment |
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Biosphere |
Made up by the Earth's ecosystems Regions of the Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things |
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Levels of biological organization |
Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Atmosphere |
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Matter |
Anything that occupies space |
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Cell |
The structural and functional unit of all living things |
Can survive on its own |
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What characteristics are shared by living organisms? |
Organized from the atom to the biosphere Use materials and energy from the environment Maintain a relatively constant internal environment (homeostasis) Respond to internal and external stimuli Reproduce and grow Have an evolutionary history through which organisms change over time |
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How do we classify humans? |
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens |
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How do we classify house cats? |
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: Domesticus |
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What distinguishes humans? |
Cultural heritage or patterns of our behavior passed from one generation to the next Highly developed brains Completely upright stance Creative language skills Varied tool use Modification of our environment for our own purpose which may threaten the biosphere |
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What do we know about science? |
Science is a way of knowing about the natural world Science and scientists should be objective Scientific conclusions may change or be modified as our understanding and technology increase Science is studied using the scientific method |
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Cell Theory |
All organisms are composed of cells, and new cells only come from pre-existing cells |
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Homestasis |
The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant |
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Genes |
Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior |
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Ecosystem |
Populations of organisms interact with each other and the physical environment |
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Evolution |
All organisms have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life |
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The steps of the scientific method |
Observation Hypothesis Experiment/ Observations Conclusion - goes back to Hypothesis Scientific Theory |
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How the cause of ulcers was discovered |
Observations: Many patients had a particular bacterium near their ulcers Hypothesis: Helicobacter pylori is the cause of gastritis and ulcers Experiment/observations: 1) H pylori was isolated and grown from ulcer patients 2) Humans swallowing a H pylori solution developed inflammation in their stomachs Conclusion: H pylori was the cause of most ulcers and can be cured by antibiotics |
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Experimental Variable |
The variable that is purposely changed or manipulated All other variables need to remain constant |
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Test Group |
A group of subjects that are exposed to the experimental variable |
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Control Group |
A group for comparison that is not exposed to the experimental variable |
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Double Blind Study |
The doctor doesn't know if the patient is in the control or test group The patient doesn't know if they are in the control or test group |
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Reading about scientific information |
Scientific journals are considered the best source of information but can be difficult for the lay person to understand Often the lay person reads secondary sources and must be wary of information taken out of context Be careful of information on the internet by using reliable sources such as URLs with .edu, .gov, and .org |
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What should you look for when you read about science |
Beware of anecdotal data Understand methodology and results Does the data justify the conclusions inferred by the scientists? Be able to read a graph Have some understanding of statistics |
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Does science have social responsibilities? |
Science is a way of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through a systematic process separating it from ethics, religion, and aesthetics |
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Technology |
The application of scientific knowledge to human interests |
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Biotechnology |
Genetically modified bacteria and genetically modified crops |
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Gene technology |
Cloning of humans or gene therapy to modify inheritance |
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Embryonic stem cells |
Use of stem cells from embryos |
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Everyone is responsible |
The Western World believes that science and technology improve our lives All citizens should assume responsibility Everyone needs to be involved in making value judgements about the proper use of technology |
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Tight junction |
Neighboring cells are connected by a zipper-like barrier |
Watertight seal |
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Gap junction |
Communication channels between cells |
Tunnels between cells |
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Adhesion junctions |
Cytoskeletons of 2 adjacent cells are interconnected |
Water and small molecules come through 'spot welds' |
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Cell theory |
A cell is the basic unit of life All living things are made up of cells New cells arise from pre-existing cells |
Flies and meat experiment |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Often produces transport vesicles that are then sent to the plasma membrane or Golgi apparatus |
Proteins and lipids are manufactured here |
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Surface-area-to-volume ratio |
Small cells have larger surface area compared to the volume An increase in surface area allows for more nutrients to pass into the cell and wastes to exit the cell more efficiently There is a limit to how large a cell can be, and be an efficient and metabolically active cell |
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Compound light microscope |
Lower magnification Uses ligth beans to view images Can view live specimens |
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Transmission electron microscope |
2-D image Uses electrons to view internal structure High magnification, no live specimens |
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Transmission electron microscope |
2-D image Uses electrons to view internal structure High magnification, no live specimens |
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Scanning electron microscope |
3-D image Uses electrons to view surface structures High magnification, no live specimens |
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Cells vary in structure and function |
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Cells vary in structure and function |
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Cells vary in structure and function |
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Blood cells viewed with different microscopes |
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Carrier proteins |
Are specific; aid in both facilitated transport and active transport |
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What are the 2 major types of cells in all living organisms? |
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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What are the 2 major types of cells in all living organisms? |
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Prokaryotic cells |
Thought to be the first cells to evolve Lack a nucleus - but have DNA Represented by bacteria and archaea Unicellular; single/simple lifeforms i.e., amoeba, bacteria |
PRO - NO |
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Eukaryotic cells |
Have a nucleus that houses DNA Many membrane-bound organelles More organized than prokaryotes Multicellular i.e., animals, humans, plants |
EU - DO |
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What do eukaryotic cells look like? |
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What are some characteristics of the plasma membrane? |
Phospholipid bilayer Embedded with proteins that move in space Contains cholesterol for support Selectively permeable |
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What does selectively permeable mean? |
Allows some things in while keeping other substances out |
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How do things move across the plasma membrane? |
Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated transport Active transport Endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Diffusion |
The random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of water molecules |
Only small molecules and water |
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Isotonic solutions |
Have equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell and thus do not affect the cell |
Cells can only survive in isotonic solutions |
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Tonicity |
Concentration of solution |
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Hypotonic solution |
Has less solute than the inside of the cell and lead to lysis (bursting) |
Lower molecules in solution, will enter cells for equilibrium; cause cells to burst, i.e., Haemophilia |
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Hypertonic solutions |
Have more solute than the inside of the cell and lead to cremation (shriveling) |
Water leaves cell and causes shriveling i.e., Anaemia |
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Solution |
Solvent + solute |
Cell membrane = strainer |
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Facilitated transport |
The transport of molecules across the plasma membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration via a protein carrier |
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Active transport |
The movement of molecules from a lower to higher concentration using ATP as energy; it requires a protein carrier |
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Active transport |
The movement of molecules from a lower to higher concentration using ATP as energy; it requires a protein carrier |
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Endocytosis |
Transports molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle |
Transports inside cell |
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Exocytosis |
Transports molecules outside the cell via the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane |
Transports outside cell |
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Exocytosis |
Transports molecules outside the cell via the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane |
Transports outside cell |
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What structures are involved in protein production? |
Nucleus Ribosomes Endomembrane system |
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Lysosome |
Digests macromolecules and cell parts |
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Golgi apparatus |
Processes and modifies cell parts |
Proteins and lipids are modified here |
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Vesicle |
Storage of cellular materials |
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Ribosomes |
Protein synthesis |
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Ribosomes |
Protein synthesis |
Join with amino acids to form proteins |
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What is the structure and function of the nucleus? |
Bound by a porous nuclear envelope Houses chromatin: DNA with associated proteins Nucleus contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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What is the structure and function of ribosomes? |
Organelles made of rRNA and protein Found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum and free floating in the Cytoplasm Sites of protein synthesis |
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rRNA |
Produced by nucleus |
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Cell membrane |
Polar heads oriented to the outside and inside of the cell Heads face watery sides of Membrane Hydrophobic tails oriented inward toward each other |
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Pathways of cellular respiration |
Glycolysis Citric acid (Krebs) cycle Electron transport chain |
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Domains |
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya |
Prokaryotes: archaea and bacteria; Eukarya: humans and animals |
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What is the Endomembrane system? |
It is a series of Membrane in which molecules are transported in the cell It consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles |
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What is the Endomembrane system? |
It is a series of Membrane in which molecules are transported in the cell It consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles |
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Biodiversity |
Total number of different species in an ecosystem |
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Standard error |
The value that describes how far off an average could be |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Proteins and lipids are manufactured here |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Studded with ribosomes used to make proteins |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Lacks ribosomes but aids in making carbohydrates and lipids |
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Golgi apparatus |
Flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER |
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Lysosomes |
Membranous vesicles made by the Golgi that contain digestive enzymes |
Used to digest substances into simple subunits |
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Vesicles |
Small membranous sacks used for transport |
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What is the cytoskeleton? |
A series of proteins that maintain cell shape, as well as anchors and/or moves organelles in the cell Made up of 3 fibers: large microtubules, thin actin filaments, and medium-sized intermediate filaments |
Aids in cell division, structural support, and anchors organelles |
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Microtubules |
Large filaments organized by the centrosome |
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Actin filaments |
Long thin fibers that occur in bundles |
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Intermediate filaments |
Differ in size and structure in different cells |
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What are cilia and flagella? |
Both are made of microtubules (i.e., spindle fibers in Mitosis) Both are used in movement Cilia are about 20X shorter than flagella |
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Flagella |
Long; aid in movement |
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Cilia |
Protect from bacteria in air (i.e., nose) |
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What are cell junctions? |
Junctions between the cells of human tissue that allow them to function in a coordinated manner. 3 main types: Adhesion Gap Tight |
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Adhesion junctions |
Mechanically attach adjacent cells (common in skin cells) |
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Tight junctions |
Connections between the plasma membrane proteins of neighboring cells that produce a zipper-like barrier |
Common in digestive system and kidney where fluids must be contained to a specific area |
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Tight junctions |
Connections between the plasma membrane proteins of neighboring cells that produce a zipper-like barrier |
Common in digestive system and kidney where fluids must be contained to a specific area |
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Tight junctions |
Connections between the plasma membrane proteins of neighboring cells that produce a zipper-like barrier |
Common in digestive system and kidney where fluids must be contained to a specific area |
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Gap junctions |
Communication portals between cells; channel proteins of the plasma membrane fuse, allowing easy movement between adjacent cells |
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What do Mitochondria do and what do they look like? |
Highly folded organelles in eukaryotic cells Produce energy in the form of ATP Thought to be derived from an engulfed prokaryotic cell In Cytoplasm |
People who exercise = more Mitochondria |
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Cristae |
Folds on the inner membrane of Mitochondria where ATP production occurs |
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Negative feedback |
The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis The output of the system dampens the original stimulus Has 2 components: sensor and control center |
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What is homeostasis? |
It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body The nervous and endocrine systems are key in maintaining homeostasis Changes from normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death |
Temperature, blood pressure, pH, blood sugar, heart rate |
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Positive feedback |
A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase uterine contractions Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise |
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What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? |
Negative feedback: the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus Positive feedback: brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus |
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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |
2 organelles that probably evolved after a large prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells |
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Enzymes are important for cellular respiration and many activities in the cell |
Most enzymes are proteins Enzymes are often named for the molecules that they work on, called substrates Enzymes are specific to what substrate they work on Enzymes have active sites where a substrate binds Enzymes are not used up in a reaction but instead are recycled Some enzymes are aided by nonprotein molecules called coenzymes |
Speed up reactions |
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The substrate of an enzymatic reaction |
Is another name for the reactant |
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In cell division, centrioles |
Form spindles for mitosis |
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Chromatin |
DNA - form of threads; inside nucleus |
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What is cellular respiration? |
Production of ATP inside a cell Includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain |
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What is cellular respiration? |
Production of ATP inside a cell Includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain |
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Glycolysis |
Occurs in the Cytoplasm Breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate NADH and 2 ATP molecules are made Does not require oxygen |
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Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) |
A cylindrical pathway that occurs in the Mitochondria Produces NADH and 2 ATP Releases carbon dioxide as a waste product Hydrogen and electrons are carried away by NADH |
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The fatty acids of lipids |
Yield intermediate molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle |
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The digestion of fats |
Produces glycerol which can be converted to pyruvate to enter glycolysis |
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Electron transport chain |
Series of molecules embedded in the mitochondrial membrane NADH made in steps 1 and 2 carry electrons here 32-34 ATP are made depending on the cell Requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the chain Part of cellular respiration; involves high energy electrons passing through a series of carriers that harvest their energy in order to make ATP |
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Endosymbiosis |
The process by which certain organelles may have arisen from engulfed prokaryotic cells |
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What other molecules besides glucose can be used in cellular respiration? |
Other carbohydrates Proteins Lipids |
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The substrates on the left side of an arrow |
In a chemical equation are known as reactants |
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The substrates on the left side of an arrow |
In a chemical equation are known as reactants |
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How can a cell make ATP without oxygen? |
Fermentation: occurs in the Cytoplasm, doesn't require oxygen, involves glycolysis, makes 2 ATP and lactate in human cells, can give humans a burst of energy for a short time |
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Cell division |
Restores the amount of surface area needed for adequate exchaof materials |
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Important components of metabolism |
Coenzymes Enzymes Cellular respiration |
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Pinocytosis |
When fluids are brought into a cell |
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4 major tissue types |
Connective Muscular Nervous Epithelial |
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4 major tissue types |
Connective Muscular Nervous Epithelial |
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Connective tissue |
Binds and supports parts of the body Has specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers Ground substance is non-cellular and ranges from solid to fluid Ground substance and protein fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue |
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3 main types of connective tissue |
Fibrous Supportive Fluid |
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Fibrous connective tissue |
2 types: dense and loose, but both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers Loose fibrous connective tissue is found in supporting epithelium and many internal organs Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored |
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Supportive connective tissue: cartilage |
Cells are in chambers called lacunae Matrix is solid but flexible 3 types distinguished by types of fibers: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage |
Fine collagen fibers Location: nose, ends of long bones, and fetal skeleton |
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Elastic cartilage |
More elastic fibers than cartilage fibers Location: outer ear |
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Fibrocartilage |
Strong collagen fibers Location: disks between vertebrae |
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Supportive connective tissue: bone |
Cells are in chambers called lacunae. Solid and rigid matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts 2 types distinguished by types of fibers: compact and spongy |
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Compact fibers |
Made of repeating circular matrix called osteons which contain the hard matrix, living cells, and blood vessels Location: shafts of long bones |
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Spongy fibers |
An open latticework with irregular spaces Location: ends of long bones |
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Fluid connective tissue: blood |
Made of fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements (3 of them) |
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Red blood cells |
Erythrocytes - Cells that carry oxygen |
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White blood cells |
Leukocytes - cells that fight infection |
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Platelets |
Thrombocytes - pieces of cells that clot blood |
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Fluid connective tissue: lymph |
Matrix is a fluid called lymph White blood cells congregate in lymph nodes |
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Muscle tissue |
Allows for movement in the body Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called act and myosin 3 types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
Flesh/meat - smooth and cardiac = involuntary control |
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Muscle tissue: skeletal |
Appearance: long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated fibers Location: attached to bone for movement Nature: voluntary movement |
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Muscle tissue: smooth |
Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with one nucleus, lacks striations Location: walls of hollow organs and vessels Nature: involuntary movement |
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Muscle tissue: cardiac |
Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks get cells Location: heart Nature: involuntary movement |
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Muscle tissue: cardiac |
Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks get cells Location: heart Nature: involuntary movement |
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Nervous tissue |
Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data, and motor output Made up of 2 major cell types: nuerons and neurol |
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