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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is philosophy? |
- the attempt to answer fundamental questions through rational thought |
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Articulation |
- clarify ideas |
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Argument |
- testing ideas - giving reasons for what you think - supporting ideas |
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Metaphysics |
- Thinking about what is real? |
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Epistemology |
- theory of knowledge - difference between knowing and thinking |
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Ethics |
- morality - thinking about right and wrong - good and bad |
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Define Rhetoric |
the study of how to communicate effectively |
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Anaphora |
- when the first word or set of words is repeated |
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Allusion |
reference to something in the culture |
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Oxymoron |
you put opposite words together in one phrase (contradictory words) |
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Hyperbole |
simply just exaggeration |
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Antithesis |
when you contrast opposite ideas |
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Knowledge |
- the study of knowledge called epistemology - plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief" |
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Direct Democracy |
- participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. - participation not open to all residents |
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Socrates philosophical method |
- socratic debate is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions. |
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4 Accusations against Socrates |
1) he doesn't believe in gods 2) he knocks down weak arguments with his rhetorical skills like sophists 3) corrupting the youth-Maledus claims that everybody has a good influence on the young except Socrates 4) he believed in supernatural phenomenon's rather than the gods |
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Socrates' defense |
1) he says he is not interested in explaining his various scientific phenomenon's 2) he says he is not like the sophists because he does not charge money for talking and he believes that he doesn't have the skill to teach those that the sophists teach because "he is not an expert" on the subjects 3)Horse example: if it takes a person with special training to train horses than it would take a person with specialized training to train people and influence people - soc doesnt have that. 4) Maledus is confusing him with Anaxagoras- he never said he did not believe in gods - one cannot believe in human matters without believing in humans so how could he believe in supernatural matters without believing in supernatural beings? |
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The prosecution asks where this accusations came from in the first place? |
- The oracle at Dalphi told people that there was nobody wiser than Socrates - to test this theory socrates went around testing people - politicians: they thought they knew things but really knew nothing - Poets: they write great works but didn't actually understand what they were writing - Craftsmen: they were experts in their craft but thought it made them good at everything - socrates is considered to be the wisest because he does not claim to know everything |
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The main questions of The Meno |
1) Can virtue be taught or does it come naturally? 2) What is virtue? 3) What is knowledge? 4) Why are there no teachers of virtue? |
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The results of The Meno |
1) He argues that when Meno points out several things as instances of virtue, there must be something they all have in common, which is why they are all called virtues. 2) Everyone desires what they think is good. Satisfying one’s desires can be done in a good or bad way. 3) Virtue is something beneficial. All good things are only good if they are accompanied by knowledge or wisdom. Therefore, virtue is a kind of knowledge. Therefore,virtue can be taught. 4) If virtue could be taught there would be teachers of virtue. But there aren’t any.Therefore, it can’t be teachable after all. |
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Subjective Relativism |
- the view that an action is morally right if one approves of it. - persons approval makes the action right |
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Problems with Subjective Relativism |
- Truth is different for each person. There is no ethical or logical ground to stand on, since it refutes itself. If all values and standards are subjective and dependent on perspective, then anyone is free to adopt as his own perspective the idea that moral relativism is false. - if subjective relativism was right then nobody could ever be wrong. |
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What is the difference between knowledge and true belief? |
- traditional definition of knowledge is justified true belief - to be knowledge it must have proof or evidence of being true - knowledge: CIRCLES ARE ROUND (proof, true, factual) - belief: ALIENS EXIST (could be, can have proof) |
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Why is knowledge better than true belief? |
knowledge is something that is more solid and has reasonable amounts of proof/evidence but a belief can be changed or have different views. |
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what is a universal and its 2 conflicting views about it? |
- a "universal" is a property or quality that particular things have in common 1) universals are simply concepts created by the mind - they aren't real 2) universals are real - they are not created by the mind but discovered by it. |
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What is a form? |
- A form is an abstract property or quality - unchanging, transcendent |
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Plato's Theory of Forms |
argues that non-physical forms represent the most accurate reality. |
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Two reasons in favor of the theory of forms |
(1)It explains the meaning of general terms (2)It explains how we’re able to apply concepts to things.
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Reasons against theory of forms |
- Itposits too many things- makes things too complicated - Accordingto the theory, “x” is “y” means x participates in the form of y-ness- participates in the form of eternality. So every form participates in a furtherform - Isthere a form for relative qualities like “bigger”, “smaller” etc.? - Whatdoes it mean to “participate” in a form? Unclear. |
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Cephalus' definition of justice |
- justice means living up to your legal obligations and being honest. - he is a rich well respected elder in the city - all about greek tradition |
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Cephalus vs. Socrates: Justice |
Socrates counterexample: returning a weapon to a madman. - You owe the madman his weapon in some sense if it belongs to him legally, and yet this would be an unjust act, since it would jeopardize the lives of others. - So it cannot be the case that justice is nothing more than honoring legal obligations and being honest. |
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Polemarchus' definition of justice |
- justice means that you owe friends help, and you owe enemies harm. - cephalus' son - have very similar views - both cephalus and polemarchus' definitions are rendering to each what is due and of giving to each what is appropriate. |
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Polemarchus vs. Socrates: Justice |
- our judgment concerning friends and enemies is not always the best - this credo will lead us to harm the good and help the bad -We are not always friends with the most virtuous individuals, nor are our enemies always the scum of society. |
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Thrasymachus' defintion of justice |
- Justice, is nothing more than the advantage of the stronger. - delegitimization of justice - Just behavior works to the advantage of other people, not to the person who behaves justly. - justice is the unnatural restraint on our natural desire to have more. - a convention imposed on us, and it does not benefit us to adhere to it- ignore justice entirely. |
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Thrasymachos vs. Socrates: Justice |
1) injustice cannot be a virtue because it is contrary to wisdom, which is a virtue. Injustice is contrary to wisdom because the wise man, the man who is skilled in some art, never seeks to beat out those who possess the same art. 2) Understanding justice now as the adherence to certain rules - enable a group to act in common - in order to reach any of the goals Thrasy praised as desirable one needs to be at least moderately just and adhere to this set of rules. 3) it was agreed that justice is a virtue of the soul, and virtue of the soul means health of the soul, justice is desirable because it means health of the soul |
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What is the Ring of Gyges story? |
Glaucon says to imagine that a just man is given a ring which makes him invisible. Once in possession of this ring, the man can act unjustly with no fear of reprisal. |
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What does the "Ring of Gyges" show? |
- even the most just man would behave unjustly if he had this ring. - He would indulge all of his materialistic, power-hungry, and erotically lustful urges. - This tale proves that people are only just because they are afraid of punishment for injustice. - No one is just because justice is desirable in itself. |
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What is Plato's concept of justice? |
- Plato defines justice as "the doing and having of what is one's own." - everything that exists has a proper, natural role in a larger system - justice occurs when things perform their proper role or achieve their proper function. - injustice occurs when things do not. |
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3 parts of Plato's ideal society? |
An ideal society consists of three main classes of people— 1) producers (craftsmen, farmers, artisans, etc.), 2) auxiliaries (warriors), 3) guardians (rulers); a society is just when relations between these three classes are right. Each group must perform its appropriate function, and only that function, and each must be in the right position of power in relation to the others. |
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3 parts of the soul according to Plato? |
1) rational part of the soul- which seeks after truth and is responsible for our philosophical inclinations 2) spirited part of the soul -which desires honor and is responsible for our feelings of anger and indignation 3) appetitive part of the soul -which lusts after all sorts of things, but money most of all. |
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Society = soul |
1) appetitive wants money and earthly goods= producers 2) spirited soul wants honor = auxiliaries 3) rational soul wants truth = guardians * it is the rational that rules the soul- making sure that the whole soul is healthy* |
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Why a just person (a just soul) is happier than an unjust one? (according to plato) |
THE ONE I DONT KNOW AT ALL |
