Test 1

Front 1

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 1

Simple cells; Ex: bacterias

Kingdom- Archeabacteria: (400 hundred million yrs ago) "extremophiles"

Kingdom- Monera: "Most bacterias" & cyanobacteria which is Blue/Green Algae

Front 2

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 2

Complex cells, 1 &1/2 billion yrs ago

Kingdom- Protista; ameba & Parmecium

Front 3

EUKARYOITC MULTICELLULAR

Back 3

Have 3 Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia &, Fungi

Plantae: Producer; take water carbon dioxide & sugar and convert into food.

Animalia: Consumers; take sugar in the presence of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.

Fungi: Decomposers; important to keep cycles going. Ex: Mushrooms

Front 4

MATTER-

WEIGHT-

MASS-

Back 4

Has Mass and takes up space.

Force of gravity.

Number of molecules.

Front 5

ELEMENT

Back 5

Pure substance that cannot be broken by chemical mean.

-created in stars; 96% made of C, H, O, & N

-nuclear reaction are the only way change/make elements.

-14.2 million yrs Hydrogen was created in the BigBang & some Helium.

Front 6

ATOM

Back 6

Smallest amount of matter.

- made of Protons, Nuetrons &, Electrons.

Electrons: maded around the nucleus and the nucleus is made up of prtons and nuetrons.

Front 7

PROTONS:

NUETRONS:

ELECTRONS:

Back 7

-Positively Charged w/ Atomic weight of 1 = "1DALTON"

-Has a charge of Zero = 1DALTON

-Negatively Charged = Very Low Mass

Front 8

ATOMIC NUMBER

Back 8

-number of protons in nucleus

-unique for each number

-cannot change

-subscript to the left of the symbol

Front 9

ATOMIC MASS

Back 9

Mass of an Atom

Protons & Neutrons

Front 10

ISOTOPES

Back 10

C- 6P +6N =12 "Atomic Mass"

C- 6P +7N =13 " "

C- 6P +8N =14 " " < RADIOACTIVE>

Front 11

CATION-

ANION-

MOLECULES-

Back 11

Atom/Molecule that has a positive charge."loses electrons'

Atom/Molecule that has a negative charge." gains electrons"

2 atoms or more coming together to form a chemical bond.

Front 12

OCTECT RULE

Back 12

Energy Levels/shells:

N-1= 2 Electrons

2-4= 8 Electrons

-outter shell called "valence" & has to be filled

Chemistry- ele trons moving b/w valence shell atoms/molecules.

Front 13

H H O

V ^

H O H H H H

>O Na O< Cl >O

H O H H H H

^ v

H H O

Na2 & Cl2 "DEADLY"

Back 13

Chemisty: Movement of Electron to form or break bonds

A - B + C - D >>>> A - C + B - D

^ ^

Reactants Products

Front 14

Water is Electronegative & a POLAR MOLECULE: positive and negative b/w partcialy positive& particaly negative ends of molecules.

"H- an ionic bond"

Back 14

70% of water in glass: hydrogen bond and lasts for 1 trillionth time of a second.

FREEZING point Water id LESS dense "0 c

4 c water id MOST dense

Front 15

WATER PROPERTIES

Back 15

-H Bonds:1. clings to polar molecules. " H2O makes you wet". the attraction b/w polar molecules in clothes and H-bonds in H2O is adhesion. ex: H2O on straw

Cohension- attraction b/w similar substances w/ H-bonds. Ex: leafs on the surface. h-bonds pulling H2O in different directons;H2O high surface tension called the bilayer

Front 16

2) Stone heat & Moderate temperatures:.

freezing point- 81 & 32 F; melting point- 0 c

3) water is a good solvent- for Hydrophilic (likes H2O) "polar & charged" substances

-solvent: water

-soulte: sugar- polar molecule

: salt- ionic molecule

Back 16

4) water organizes nonplolar "Hydrophobic" (Hates H2O) molecules: key of life in developing a membrane

5) water ionizes- basis for the pH scale. nuetral pH= 7.0

pH- measure the concetration of free H- ions in solution

Front 17

CHEMICAL BONDS

Back 17

1)Ionic bonds (electrical charge)-when opposite charges attract

weak bonds b/c it disolves H2O

stores energy&, All ionic bonds work b/c can eat & disloves in H2O

Na- sodium 11 protons

> electrical nuetral

Cl- chlorine 17 protons

Front 18

2) Covalent Bonds- electron pair shared b/w atoms & molecules; valence shell share electrons

store energy

H - H single covalent

H = H double covalent

H = H triple covalent; "almost industriable"

Back 18

Pure H2O- # of hydrogen ions is = to the # of hydroxide ion.Ex H2O= H -HO - p+ H

{ life does better b/w 7 & 8}

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acid - Base

H-protons> than hydroxide is > than

hydroxide H>OH H< OH

Ex: orange& tomatoes Ex. Drano

Front 19

CARBON

Back 19

4 valence electron & can form 4 covalent bonds

/\/\/\/\/\= c-c-c-c-c

Fuctiona group- specific groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Front 20

1. hydroxly R- OH > hydroxide ion

2. carbonyl R-C-R

3. carboxyl R-C

4. amino R-N important for A.Acids

Back 20

5 sulfhydrly R-SH disulfide bridges

6 phosphate R-O-P-O energy

7 methyl R-CH

Front 21

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Back 21

1) carbohydrates- "repeating subunit"- CHO

2) Protiens_ " " A.Acids; theres 20

polymers of A.Acids; several level structures

3) lipids- fats " " CH

4) Nucleic Acid" " nucleotides; theres 4

Front 22

POLYMER

MONOMERS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESES

Back 22

Large molecules made of many identicle subunits

Subunits

Syntheses of a ploymer from monomers, loss of one H2O molecule per each bond formed

Front 23

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Back 23

specific A.Acid sequence;

AA20- AA1- AA7- AA13-AA17

protiens. enzymes> biological catalysts speeds up chemical reaction

Peptide- molecules of emotions; small chain of A.A

" genes of a specific protien make you look like your dad/uncle etc.

Front 24

SECOND STRUCTURE

Back 24

-Alpha Helix-~~~~~~

- Beta Pleated Sheet- /\/\/\/\/\/\

Front 25

TERIARY STRUCTURE

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

DENATURE PROTIEN

Back 25

folding the primary structure

Hemoglobin

3D changed; you destroy and the protien wont work anymore

-

Front 26

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Back 26

Information:

DNA: 4 Nucleotides

stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid

deoysribos = sugar

RNA: 4 Nucleotides

stads for ribo nucleic acid

ribose= sugar

Both Dna & RNA are Polymers

Front 27

NITROGEN CONTAING BASES

Back 27

1) Purine Base- Adenine & Quanine (both RNA&DNA; Has Double Base

2)Pyrmidine Base- Cytocine & Thymine (DNA)

Cytocine & Uarcil (RNA)

- has single base