Terms For Genetics Final

Front 1

process causes a heritable change in gene activity without a change in DNA base sequence.

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epigenetic

Front 2

genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome so that they are equally expressed in the human XY male and the XX female.

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dosage compensation

Front 3

occurs when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits.

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pleiotropy

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an individual whose phenotype (generally referring to a single trait), under a particular environmental condition, is identical to the one of another individual whose phenotype is determined by the genotype.

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phenocopy

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describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function.

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Amorph

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describes a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function

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Hypomorph

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mutation causes an increase in normal gene function

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Hypermorph

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dominant mutations that act in opposition to normal gene activity

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Antimorph

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mutation causes a dominant gain of gene function that is different from the normal function

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Neomorph

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the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis

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chiasma

Front 11

an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality.

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aneuploid

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catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA segment

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Primase

Front 13

An active, complex enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme.

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holoenzyme

Front 14

a prokaryotic transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters.

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sigma factor

Front 15

In prokaryotic cells, transcript termination downstream of an RNA hairpin created from
an inverted repeat sequence followed by an A/T- rich sequence occurs in a(n)__fashion

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rho-dependant

Front 16

is the sequence TATAAT of six nucleotides (thymine-adenine-thymine-etc.) that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria

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Pribnow box

Front 17

In eukaryotic cells, the start site of transcription of protein-coding genes is positioned in
part by the location and orientation

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TATA box

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A key difference between
translation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotic translation is never______

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co-transcriptional

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opens DNA double helix

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helicase

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joins Okazaki fragments together

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DNA ligase

Front 21

a point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine nucleotide to another pyrimidine (C ↔ T).

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transition mutation

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the reversible inclusion of a molecule (or group) between two other molecules (or groups)

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intercalating agent

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_____ inversions do not include the centromere and both breaks occur in one arm of the chromosome.

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paracentric_inversion

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_____ inversions include the centromere and there is a break point in each arm.

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pericentric inversion

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remains condensed throughout the cell cycle

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heterochromatin

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not always packed during the cell cycle

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Euchromatin

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a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene is mutated to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes.

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tumour suppressor genes

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a gene that, when mutated or expressed at high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a tumor cell

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proto-oncogenes

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plays an important regulatory role in prokaryotic cells because of the absence of the nucleus in prokaryotic organisms. The attenuator refers to a specific regulatory sequence that, when transcribed into RNA, forms hairpin structures to stop transcription when certain conditions are not met

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attenuation

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refers to the post-translational modification of a protein by the covalent attachment (via an isopeptide bond) of one or more ____ monomers

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Ubiquitination

Front 31

if these molecules
form a perfect duplex with their targets, they trigger
the immediate destruction of their targets , a phenomenon referred to as ____

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RNAi

Front 32

duplex formed is imperfect however, they promote movement of the target to a structure termed a

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P-body

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arise when alleles of a gene differ in the particular nucleotide present at a specific site within the gene

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

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Can bind chemically modified histones through a bromodomain

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SWI/SNF

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an endoribonuclease in the RNase III family that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA (siRNA) about 20-25 nucleotides long, usually with a two-base overhang on the 3' end

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Dicer

Front 36

a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone

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Histone deacetylases (HDAC)

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Part of the RISC complex

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Argonaute

Front 38

Adds covalent alterations to histones that decrease their affinity for DNA

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HAT

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Involved in nuclear processing of pre-miRNAs

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Drosha

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Recognize TATA and INR elements

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GTF

Front 41

encodes a protein that can regulate both transcription and translation

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Bicoid

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genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts

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Homeotic gene

Front 43

permits the characterization of patterns of alternative splicing in a genomewide fashion

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RNA-seq

Front 44

are a common type of human DNA polymorphism in which a segment of
genomic DNA is deleted or duplicated in some individuals

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CNVs

Front 45

co-dominant genetic markers that can be used to map linked
disease-causing mutations in humans

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SNPs

Front 46

have no effects on the phenotype of an organism can nonetheless be used as
DNA markers to help map disease-causing mutations in humans

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STRs