Tech - Infection Control

Front 1

infection

Back 1

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in/on body tissues which result in clinical signs and symptoms

Front 2

nosocomial infection

Back 2

occurs or is acquired in a hospital. (HAI)

- wound, urinary, bowel, resp, bloodstream

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exogenous infection

Back 3

arises from external microorganisms not normal to the individual flora (HAI)

- ex) salmonella

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endogenous infection

Back 4

patients flora becomes altered + overgrowth results. (HAI)

- ex) infections caused by enterococci, yeasts + streptococci

- caused by transfer of microorg. from one part of body to another

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HAI

Back 5

Health care associated infection

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endemic

Back 6

singular person with disease

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epidemic

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whole community with disease, one region outbreak

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pandemic

Back 8

several countries/continents effected by disease

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who is most at risk for infection/disease?

Back 9

young/old

poor nutrition

stress

immuno-comprimised individuals

chronic illness

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significance of infection to health care system/workers

Back 10

increase in:
-nosocomial infections
- cost to system
- motbidity
-mortality

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latrogenic infection

Back 11

infection caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures

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chain of infection

Back 12

- infectious agent

- reserviour

- portal of exit

- mode of transportation

-portal of entry

- host

-infectious agent

** all links must be present for an infection to occur

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infectious agent

Back 13

any micro-organism capable of causing disease

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reservoir

Back 14

environment human, animal, or inanimate in which the organisms lives and multiply

1) food

2) oxygen (anaerobic and aerobic)

3) water

4) temp 35-37

5) pH 5-8

6) minimal light

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portal of exit

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means by which the infectious organism leave their reserviour

- respiratory

- urinary

- GI

- GU

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pathogens carried through..

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- blood

- body fluids

- excretions

- secretions

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mode of transmission (6 ways)

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1) direct (handshake)

2) indirect (ball)

3) droplet (less than 1 meter)

4) airborne (more than 1 meter)

5) vehicle ( water, drugs, food)

6) vectorborne (mosquistoes, skunks etc)

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droplet vs airborne

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droplet = less than 1 meter

- more than 5 but less than 20 microns

airborne = more than 1 meter

- less than 5 microns

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portal of entry

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means by which the infectious agent gains entry into a new host via resp, urinary, GI, GU

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susceptible host

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final link is another person, people in hospitals have lower resistance to infection

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susceptibility depends on:

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-age

-nutritional status (decreased protein)

- stress

- immune status

-disease process

- heredity

- medical therapy (some drugs lower immune system)

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body system defenses?

Back 22

non-specific

- normal flora

- organ system defenses

- inflammatory response

- local

- systemic

specific

- immune response

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2 types of inflammatory response

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localized response:

- pain/tenderness

-redness

-swelling

-heat

-decreased/loss of function

systemic response:

- fever

- malaise

- anorexia

- N+V

- lymph node enlargement

- leukocytosis

- increase in WBC

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signs and symptoms of infection depend on:

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- pathogen causing the infection

- localized and or systemic

- body system

- strength of response

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health promotion strategies

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- proper nutrition

- adequate hydration

- hygiene

- lower stress

- R&R

- immunization

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asepsis: define

Back 26

decreased # organisms + prevent transfer of microorganisms from 1 person or another

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2 types of Asepsis

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medical asepsis (clean technique)

-ways to reduce & prevent spread of microorganisms

surgical asepsis (sterile technique)

- practices that keep an area/object free from all microorganisms

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Break the chain of infection (6 parts)

Back 28

1) infectious agents

2) reserviors/sources

3) portals of exit

4) transmission

5) portals of entry

6) susceptible host

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getting rid of infectious agents:

Back 29

cleaning:

- removes all foreign matter

- precedes other precesses

- may need to wear protective equipment

disinfection:

- eliminates many or all organisms exept SPORES

- chemical disinfection, pasteurization, UV light

sterilization:

- eliminates ALL organisms including spores

- stream under pressure is the most sommon method

- time limited effectiveness

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efficient sterilization depends on:

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1) concentration of solution + duration of contact

2) type + # of pathogens

3) all surface areas must be treated

4) temp of environment

5) presence of soap

6) presence of organic matter.

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reservoirs/ sources protection

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- elimination of sources harboring organisms

- environmental sanitation

- hygiene/bedside/ wound care

- employee health

- surveillance with routine swabs

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portals of exit

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wound drainage

GI products

resp secretions (coughing containment)

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modes of transmission

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handling/disposal of body fluids

specimen collection

fomites

needle disposal (safety devices)

food handeling

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portals of entry: prevention

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-maintaining skin integrity

-avoiding interruptions in drainage tubes, catheters, IV tubing

- keep draining wounds covered

- sterile technique for sterile cavities

- carefully discard used items: sharp objects, needles, dressings, tissues etc.

- use of barrier precautions

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how to protect the susceptible host

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- protect normal defense mechanisms

- recognize high risk clients

- maintain healing processes

- use barrier precautions for all care

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use personal protection equipment when?

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- dealing with body fluids containing visible blood (not sweat)

- non-intact skin

- mucous membranes

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2 tiered precautions

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1) routine practices (AKA standard precautions)

- apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, mucous membranes

2) Additional (isolation precautions)

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minimum alcohol % in hand sanitizer?

Back 38

60%

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nursing responsibilities

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- identify potential concerns

- establish & maintain precautions

- provide for the teaching & emotional support of those affected

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colonization

Back 40

presence of bacteria on/in body - not necessarily causing harm yet

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carriers

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animals or persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have pathogens in or on their bodies that can be transferred to others

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normal flora

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Microorganisms that normally reside at a given site and under normal circumstances do not cause disease.

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transient flora

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not your bodies normal flora - transferred from someone else

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when do MRSA + VRE symptoms begin?

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72 hours after hospitilization (if aquired there)

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MRSA+VRE have in common?

Back 45

both resistant to normal antibiotics/penicillin etc..

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colostridum difficile (C diff)

Back 46

is a bacterium that causes mild to severe diarrhea and intestinal conditions like pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colon).