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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epithelial tissue |
-FUNCTION: covering or produce secretions -lacks own blood supply; relies on diffusion from nearby capillaries -classified by # of cell layers and cell shape -can easily regenerate -simple epithelium has 1 layer (for absorption, secretion, filtration)and stratified epithelium has more than 1 layer (for protection) |
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connective tissue |
-connects different structures of the body -has own blood supply but some types (ie ligaments) don't -types: bone, cartilage, adipose, blood vessels |
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muscle tissue |
-creates movement -skeletal: for voluntary movement; muscles attached to bones -smooth: for involuntary control; in walls of hollow organs (ie intestines, blood vessels, bladder) -cardiac: for involuntary movement in the heart |
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nervous tissue |
-brain, spinal cord and nerves -made of neurons which send electrical impulses throughout the body -support cells like myelin help protect the nervous tissue |
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circulatory system (aka cardiovascular system) |
-consists of heart, blood vessel (ie arteries, veins, arterioles) and blood -circulates and distributes substances (ie O2, hormones, nutrients from food) throughout the body RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -endocrine: hormones influence blood pressure -urinary: regulates blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume -nervous: controls blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to body parts -reproductive: for women, estrogen helps preserve vascular health -integumentary: allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels -skeletal: blood cells formed in bone marrow |
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digestive system |
-pathway: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, rectum, anus -creates enzymes to break down food -small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) absorbs nutrients -colon/large intestine removes H2O from remaining waste -liver: makes bile which breaks down fat -pancreas: delivers enyzmes to small intestine to aid digestion -gallbladder: holds bile that liver made until it is needed/sent to small intestines RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -skeletal: increased skeletal muscle activity increases motility of GI tract |
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endocrine system |
-controls body functions -glands secrete hormones that travel through blood -glands - pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus and adrenal regulate process like growth and metabolism -pancreas, testis, and ovaries also have endocrine functions RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -lymphatic: means of transportation for some hormones -muscular: protects some glands -nervous: controls secretion of hormones from pituitary gland |
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integumentary |
-skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails -protects internal tissue from injury, waterproof, regulate body temperature, barrier to pathogens RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -respiratory and digestive: provide skin O2 and nutrients -circulatory: O2 and nutrients travel through blood vessels -lymphatic: picks up excess fluid from skin to avoid swelling -skeletal: provides support and shape -endocrine: hormones regulate hair growth and hydration -reproductive: skin protects internal organs -muscular: creates heat released by skin -urinary: activates vitamin D -nervous: regulates sweat production, interprets stimuli, adjusts skin's blood vessel diameter |
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lymphatic system |
-lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils -lymph is clear fluid rich in antibodies -supports immune system by housing and transporting WBC to and from lymph nodes -returns fluid that leaked from the circulatory system back into blood vessels RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -urinary: maintains water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of blood -nervous: brain controls immune responses -reproductive and integumentary: secretes acid to prevent bacterial growth |
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muscular system |
-skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscle to bone), ligaments (connect bones to form joints) -does not include cardiac and smooth muscle RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -endocrine: hormones influence muscle strength -nervous: regulates/coordinates muscle activity -reproductive: encourages bigger muscles in males -skeletal: bones = lever for muscular activity |
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nervous system |
-brain, spinal cord, nerves -body's control system -sensory receptors: detect stimuli -nervous impulses conduct very fast -when threat is detected, nervous system activates appropriate muscles or glands to respond RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -endocrine: releases hormones regulating neuron activity -urinary: disposes metabolic wastes and maintains electrolyte balance (for proper nerve function) |
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reproductive system |
-produce offspring -testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, breasts -house hormones encouraging/suppressing activities within the body and influence masculine/feminine characteristics RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -lymphatic: transports sex hormones -muscular: helps with child birth -respiratory: rate increases during child birth |
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respiratory system |
-supplies body with O2 and removes CO2 -nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs -alveoli: tiny air sacs in the lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -muscular: contraction/expansion of diaphragm -nervous: regulates breathing rate and depth |
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skeletal system |
-support and protection; storage for minerals (ie Ca, P) -bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -endocrine: regulates growth/release of calcium -digestive: provides nutrients needed of bone mineralization -urinary: activates vitamin D (needed for bone calcium absorption) -muscular: increases Calcium deposit to bones during exercise -nervous: detects painful stimuli in bones or joints -circulatory: supplies O2 and nutrients while removing waste like lactic acid -integumentary: provides vitamin D needed for bone calcium absorption |
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urinary system (aka excretory system) |
-maintains H2O and electrolyte (ie Na, Cl, K) balance; regulates acid-base balance of blood; removes nitrogen-containing wastes (which are by-products of protein and nucleic acid breakdown) RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS -endocrine: regulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes in kidneys -digestive: liver makes urea that is excreted by kidneys |
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purines |
-A and G -two rings |
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pyrimidines |
-T and C -one ring |
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pili |
bacteria has this to allow communication and transfer of information between 2 cells |
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
-rough ER has ribosomes -smooth ER: metabolic processes in cell -ER moves proteins from one part of cell to another and for moving proteins outside a cell (secretion) |
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golgi apparatus |
-packages and transports proteins (protein secretion too) -works with the ER in protein movement and processing |
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vesicles |
-vacuoles: basic storage unit that can hold various compounds -lysosome: has digestive enzymes to dispose of cellular debris -peroxisome: rid body of toxic components (ie hydrogen peroxide); major site of O2 use and energy production; liver has a lot of peroxisomes because of toxic substance build up there |
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cristae |
series of fold in the membranes of mitochondria -has enzymes that help convert sugar into ATP |
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nucleolus |
small body within nucleus and functions to make ribosomes that are transported to cytoplasm to make proteins |
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plant cells |
-chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which captures sunlight for production of glucose during photosynthesis -plant cells need both mitochondria and chloroplasts -larger vacuoles than eukaryotic cells to maintain proper cell pressure -has cell wall |
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cell differentiation |
-occurs in developing embryo and can occur in adults -produces more-specialized cell from a less-specialized cell |
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stem cells |
cells that divide and remain undifferentiated -types: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent |
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codons |
64 codons (different 3 letter combinations of the nitrogenous bases) corresponds to 20 different amino acids |
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mismatch repair |
after new DNA is replicated, the DNA is scanned to check for mistakes and if a mismatch of any bases is detected then it is repaired by replacing the incorrect base with a correct one (failure to catch these mistakes can cause cancer) |
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mutations |
occurs through errors during DNA replication or a mutagen (substance that induces mutation; ie ultraviolet sun rays) |
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excision repair |
-mechanisms that inspect DNA for mutagen type damages and repairs it -it cuts the defective strand of DNA, removes the bases nearby including the mutated ones, and then DNA polymerase generates a new correct piece of DNA -ie some skin diseases caused from improper functioning excision repair mechanism |
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germ cells |
reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum (only mutations in germ cells can be passed to future generations) |
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electromagnetic waves |
waves of radiation characterized by electric and magnetic fields -ie visible, ultraviolet, x-ray -these waves make up a spectrum ranching from very short to very long: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves |
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visible part of spectrum order from long to short |
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
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work |
results of any change in energy |
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Joules (J) or calories |
-metric units of energy and work |
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kinetic energy formula |
KE = 1/2 (mass in kg) (velocity in m/s) = ? Joules |
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potential energy formula |
PE = (mass in kg) (standard constant gravity=10 m/s^2) (height in m) = ? Joules |
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electron configuration |
-ie argon = 1s^2 2s^2 3s^2 3p^6 -coefficients 1, 2, 3 refer to 1st 3 rows of periodic table and the primary shell numbers for each row -s and p refer to subshells of electrons within each shell (s holds up to 2 electrons and p holds up to 6) |
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when moving left to right across a period on the periodic table |
-increasing nuclear charge causes atomic radii to decrease -ionization energy (energy required to remove electron from atom) increases -electronegativity (atom's attraction on electrons in chemical bond; low ionization energy = low electronegativity); increases |
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moving down the group on periodic table |
-number of electrons and filled electron shells increase but they have the same valence electrons (electrons in outermost shell of atom) -atomic radii increases as you move down because valence electrons exposed to same effective nuclear charge but are farther from the nucleus as number of energy shells increase -ionization energy decreases -electronegativity decreases -group shares similar chemical properties bc of having similar outer shell arrangements |
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metalloids |
has transitional properties (elements on the stair step line that separate metals and nonmetals) -may readily accept or donate electrons |
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natural state of elements |
most are naturally in their solid state form; noble gases; mercury and bromine are liuids |
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globular proteins |
proteins that are water soluble |
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pH formula |
pH = - log (activity of hydrogen ions dissolved in solution) ie pH = -log(1*10^-3) = 3 |
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litmus paper |
turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions |
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alkanes |
saturated hydrocarbons formula = C(n)H(2n+2) |
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alkenes |
unsaturated hydrocarbon with one double bond between 2 carbons C(n)H(2n) |
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alkynes |
unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bonds C(n)H(2n-2) |
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oxidation-reduction |
-oxidation: electron donation to make a more positive ion -reduction: electron acceptance to make a more negative ion -ie: combustion, photosynthesis, metabolism |
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acid-base reaction |
they don't undergo oxidation and reduction but their products are water and salts which act to neutralize the pH |
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maximum density of water |
at 4 degrees Celcius (1 gram/milliliter) -density: ratio of mass per volume -ice is less dense than liquid |
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Kelvin |
-metric temperature scale with an absolute 0 -standardized by triple-point of water (temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as solid, liquid and gas) 0 K = -273 degrees Celcius |
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solids, liquids and gases often exist in what conditions |
-solids - high pressures and low temperatures; fixed shape and volume in crystalline order -liquids - fixed volume of greater size than solid and changes shape; weaker attractive nature; higher temperature, high pressure -gas - changing volume and shape; random movement; high temperatures, low pressure |
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latent heat |
energy needed to cause phase transition at a fixed temperature |
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evaporation |
-high heat, low humidity, fast movement of surrounding air mass -physical collisions at surface layer of liquid and it acts to remove the faster-moving liquid molecules thereby removing more energetic atoms from the liquid |
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vaporization |
-occurs through phase transition (alteration of physical state) -breaking physical bonds within liquid -amount of heat of vaporization needed depends on mass and latent heat or heat per mass |
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condensation |
phase transition from gas to liquid; creates physical bonds within the gas |
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momentum formula |
mass * velocity |
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parts of brain and their functions |
-cerebrum: largest part of brain and contains 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal); functions in thought and action -cerebellum: regulation and coordination of movement, posture and balance -limbic system: emotion, mood, instinct; contains thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus -brain stem: vital life functions like blood pressure, breathing; contains pons, medulla, midbrain |
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limbic system specific functions: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus |
-thalamus - sensory signals -hypothalamus - regulates body temperature, hunger, blood sugar, hormones -amygdala - memory and emotion -hippocampus - important for learning, converting short term memories to long term, spatial navigation |
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brain system specific functions: pons, medulla, midbrain |
-pons - deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture -medulla - breathing and heart rate -midbrain - associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation. |
