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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nucleic acid
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store and transport hereditary information chain of nucleotides |
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nucleotide
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molecule consists of; pentose phosphate group nitrogenous base |
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pentose
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type of sugar
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phosphate group
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molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA links adjoining bases |
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nitrogenous base
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molecule found in DNA and RNA encodes genetic information |
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purines
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adenine and guanine 2 rings |
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pyrimidines
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thymine and cytosine 1 ring |
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molecule
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group of chemically boned atoms has characteristics independent of atoms |
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DNA and RNA have elements of
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hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon phosphate |
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DNA
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genetic blueprint of cell |
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RNA
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messenger
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transcription
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cells copy instructions in DNA into RNA, send messenger RNA to ribosomes
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ribosomes
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make proteins, information sent to cells
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translation
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protein reducton from mRNA
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porkaryotic
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most basic cell bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) |
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cell wall
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separates inside and outside of cell and inside plasma membrane that's semipermeable |
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cytoplasm
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rich protein fluid gel-like consistency houses organelles |
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organelle
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"tiny organs"
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nucleoid
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condensed DNA of cell contains genes genetic blueprint for formation of proteins |
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plasmids
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small, circular portions of DNA not associated with nucleoid |
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ribosomes
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proteins made for cell from RNA messages free-floating within cytoplasm |
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flagella
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long whip-like project outward from cell |
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phili
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in bacteria allow communication transfer information between 2 cells |
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eukarya
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organism contains cellular organelles cells contain nuceli protists plants fungi animals |
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plasma membrane
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envelopes cell semipermebale |
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cytoplasm (eukarya)
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cell contents and organelles gel-like |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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tubular transport network stack of flattened membranous sacs move proteins from part of cell to another move protein out of cell |
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smooth ER
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metabolic processes
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rough ER
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studded with ribosomes rough, gritty apperance |
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secreation
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moving proteins form part of a cell to another part moving proteins out of cell via smooth ER |
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golgi apparatus
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packaging and transport of proteins layers of membranes refines proteins sorts proetins prepares proteins for transport works with ER for movement and processing |
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vesicles
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small membrane-bounded sacs within cytoplasm transport in or out of cell vacuole lysosome peroxisome |
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vacuole
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basic storage unit hold various compounds |
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lysosome
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digestive enzymes dispose cellular debris and worn cellular parts |
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peroxisome
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rid body of toxic components i.e. hydrogen peroxide major sites of oxygen use and energy production liver contains many d/t toxic substances build up |
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mitochondria
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powerhouse of cell cellular fuel ATP is produced large, kidney-bean shaped organelles surrounded by membrane |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate cellular fuel produced by mitochondria |
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cristae
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membrane inside series of folds where enzymes are found enzymes help convert sugar into ATP to power cell |
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microtubules
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cellular tracts that form mitotic spindle during mitosis
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centrosomes
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microtubules-organizing centers help form and organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
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nucleus
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very large organelle in central portion of cell enclosed by double membrane with pores control center contains genetic material directs all activities of cell |
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nucleolus
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small body within nucleus functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to cytoplasm to make cell proteins |
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plant cells
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variety of eukaryotic cells need chlorophyll and mitochondria cell wall gives structure to plant |
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chloroplasts
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contain chlorophyll structure similar to mitochondria |
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chromosomes
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contain sections called genes info that specifies production of proteins |
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genes
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send messages in cells and to other cells to form a code made possible d/t complementary base pairing |
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amino-acid chain
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RNA code translated at ribosome results in protein |
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protein
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info derived from DNA and RNA DNA-RNA-protein in cell |
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embryo
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after fertilization early stages of development |
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zygote
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fertilized egg divided to become mass of cells |
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gastrulation
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most critical stage of development individual tissue layers begin to form |
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differentitation
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gene of each cell regulates the process determines what each cell will be genes control differentiation direct each cell when to form particular protein, structures make specific cell type |
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stem cells
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cells divide but remain undifferentiated totipotent pluripotent multipotent |
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mitosis
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cell duplication 2 daughter cells receive same nuclear material exact copy of DNA must be made |
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s phase
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synthesis of new DNA DNA unwinds with help of enzymes breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs separate bases from complementary partners doesn't remove bases from backbone exposed base pairs with new base new base synthesized into new complementary strand with help form DNA polymerase 2 new strands of identical DNA formd |
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G1
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DNA unwinds expose base RNA pairs with DNA to form mRNA entire gene copied into mRNA DNA closes and exits nucleus takes info to ribosome |
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G2
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continued protein synthesis cell growth to prepare for cell division |
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gametes
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new organism forms via sexual reproduction 2 types of DNA formed reduce DNA content |
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meiosis
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half number of chromosomes process that gametes reduce DNA occurs only in gametes or fertilized eggs extra genetic variability |
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diploid cells
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2 sets of chromosomes each chromosome has twin |
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haploid cells
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1 set of chromosomes only gametes in mammals |
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homologous chromosome
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twin chromosome
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chromatid
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one of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another pair sister chromatids make up duplicated chromosome |
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cytokinesis
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division and separation of cytoplasm into 2 new cells
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metaphase plate
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disc extending across nuclear area on which chromosomes are found
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prophase
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1st mitosis spindle fibers form centrioles move opposite sides nuclear membrane disappears |
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metaphase
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2nd mitosis chromosomes align midway along spindle fibers |
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anaphase
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3rd mitosis chromosomes begin to separate from daughter cytokinesis begins |
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telophase
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4th mitosis identical sets chromosomes at opposite ends spindle fibers disappear nuclear membrane reappear cytokinesis completes |
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prophase 1
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1st meiosis homologous chromosomes condense and link in process-forming tetrads allows crossing over recombination to occur |
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metaphase
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2nd meiosis homologous chromosomes move to metaphase plate |
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anaphase 1
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3rd meiosis homologous chromosomes separate sister chromatids stay together |
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telophase 1
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4th meiosis cytokinesis has occurred 2 haploid daughter cells are result |
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prophase 2
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5th meiosis brief stage which spindle fibers begin to reappear centrioles move to opposite poles |
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metaphase 2
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6th meiosis sister chromatids align at new metaphase plate |
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anaphase 2
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7th meiosis sister chromatids separate again |
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telophase 2
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8th meiosis 4 haploid cells result after cytokinesis |
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photosynthesis cellular respiration |
formation of cellular energy
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autotroph
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produce own food use photosynthesis |
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equation for photoysntheis
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6CO2+6H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2 carbon dioxide+water+sunlight=glucose+oxygen |
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heterotrophs
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cannot produce own food they use cellular respiration |
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cellular respiration
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glucose broke down by glycolysis which transfers some to ATP use mitochondria to carry out process oxygen used up H2O and CO2 formed |
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equation for cellular respiration
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C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+energy glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+energy |
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codon
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group of 3 nucleotides on RNA or DNA encodes for single specific amino acid 64 because 64 different 3 letter combinations can be made form A,T,C,G each matches to specific amino acid 20 different amino acids |
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genome
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complete set of DNA for individual that contain all genes
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mismatch repair
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mechanism scan over DNA to find mistakes of nitrogenous bases
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excision repair
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inspects DNA for damage attempts to repair it |
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germ cell
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reproductive cells give rise to sperm and ovum
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alleles
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2 or more different forms of a gene
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homozygous
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same allele from both parent
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heterozygous
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different alleles from both parents
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dominate alleles
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capital letter (T)
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recessive alleles
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lower case letter (t)
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domain
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1st archaea eubacteria eukarya |
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kingdom
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2nd animalia fungi plantae protista eubacteria archaebacteria |
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phylum
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3rd
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class
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4th
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order
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5th
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family
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6th
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genus
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7th
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species
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8th
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