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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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electromagnetic waves
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waves of radiation characterized by electric and magnetic fields
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wavelength order (short to long)
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gamma ray x-ray ultraviolet visible infrared microwave radio wave |
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work
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any change in energy
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joules
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larger than calories
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion increase in velocity increases kinetic energy doubling velocity increases kinetic energy by 4x |
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equation for kinetic energy
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KE=1/2mv2
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potential energy
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amount of stored energy can be used to produce object's motion (KE) |
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equation for potential energy
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PE=mgh
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conservation of energy
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total constant energy is maintained by conservation of PE and KE
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law of conservation of energy
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energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE increase in KE= decrease in PE and vice versa |
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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mass
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quantity of matter an object has
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element
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substances cannot be broken into simpler types of matter
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protons
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+ charged found in nucleus of atom same as atomic number |
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atomic number
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number or protons in nucleus of atom ordering device for periodic table |
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neutrons
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= particles in nucleus of atom
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electron
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- charged found in various energy levels (orbital shell) around nucleus |
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orbital shell
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arrangement of electrons within specific region around nucleus
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chemical reaction
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event alters chemical makeup of atom may cause charge imbalance results in excess protons or electrons |
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ion
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+ or - atom produced by chemical reaction
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mass number
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total number of protons and neutrons found within nucleus of atom
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isotopes
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atom with same protons but different neutrons
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atomic mass |
average mass of all known isotopes of an element
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carbon
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has 3 isotopes contain 6, 7, 8 neutrons same 6 protons mass number distinguishes each isotope as C-12, C-13, C-14 |
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catalysts
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rate of chemical reactions reactions which atoms react to come to stable state |
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promoters
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increase chemical reaction rate |
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inhibitors
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decrease chemical reaction rate
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substrate
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molecular surface acted upon by enzymes
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activation rate
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lowered to increase catalysts
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catalysts reaction steps
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1) X+C= XC 2) XC+Y= XYC 3) XYC= CZ 4) CZ=C+Z catalysts (C) generates product (Z) from reactants (X,Y) |
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periodic table
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row (period) displays elements according to increasing number of orbital shells electron increase from left to right column number of electrons and filled electron shells increase, valance electrons remain smae |
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valance electrons |
electron in the outermost shell of an atom
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ionization energy ionization potential |
energy required to completely remove an electron form a gaseous atom or ion increases from left to right (decreasing atomic radii) |
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electronegativity
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measure of atom's attraction on electrons in chemical bond low ionization energy= low electrongativity decreases as atomic number increases |
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chemical bonding
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chemical merging of atoms due to electron arrangements determined by location in given row |
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metals
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elements donate highly conductive electrons to enviroment
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shell
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row in periodic table
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family
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column in periodic table
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enzymes
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act as catalysts for special chemical reaction in body found as proteins |
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globular proteins
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protein that are water soulable
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cell process
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require use of enzymes for rapid reactions activity driven by external factors |
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pH
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measure of hydrogen ion concentration within solution
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metabolic pathways
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chemical reactions within a cell
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biomolecules
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enzymes that perform functions by attaching to substrate molecules and convert them into products
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ionic
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electrical attraction between ions of opposite charge
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covalent
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sharing electrons between atoms
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hydrocarbons
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i.e. methane, propane, butane bond to hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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saturated hydrocarbons
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alkanes basic structure CnH12n+2 |
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unsaturated hydrocarbons
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one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
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alkenes
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one double bond CnH2n |
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alkynes
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triple bonds CnH2n-2 |
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organic chemistry
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study of hydrocarbon structure
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metalloids
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elements that may accept of donate electrons readily posses mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties |
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cation
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metallic ion positive ion |
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anion
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nonmetallic ion negative ion |
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covalent bond
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chemical bonding involves electron sharing between atoms greatest between electronegativties |
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Lewis structure
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visual representations of covalent bonding
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oxidation
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electron donation to produce positive ion
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reduction
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electron acceptance to produce negative ion
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metabolism
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chemical reaction in living organisms used to maintain life
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polar molecule
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possesses positive and negative atomic structure
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electrolysis
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use electric current to drive breakdown of molecule
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density
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mass per volume
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triple-pointj
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temperature and pressure at which water coexist as solid, liquid, gas
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specific heat
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energy required to raise one unit of mass by 1degree Celsius
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heat of vaporization
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amount of heat needed to cause transition between liquid and gas
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heat
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flow of energy d/t difference in temperature H=ML |
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evaporation
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high heat, low humidity, fast movement surrounding air mass
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vaporization
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transition form liquid to gas
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phase transition
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alteration of physical state between solid, liquid, gas
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crystalline order
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atoms arranged in highly ordered state atoms lack true order |
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physical bonding
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physical connection between atoms does not alter chemical nature of atom |
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latent haet
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energy needed to cause phase transition at fixed temperature
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