Taylor Chapter 27

Front 1

Infection Cycle

Back 1

- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- means of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host

Front 2

Infectious Agent

Back 2

- Bacteria (most common), virus (smallest) fungi (molds and yeasts)

Front 3

Reservoir

Back 3

- a habitat for microorganism multiplication. humans, animals, food water, milk, objects

Front 4

Portal of Exit

Back 4

- : Point of escape for the organism from the resevoir. Respiratory, GI, GU, breaks in skin, blood, tissue

Front 5

Means of Transmission

Back 5

- Direct contact, indirect contact Vectors: non-human carriers (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Front 6

Portal of Entry

Back 6

- Point at which organisms enter a new host

Front 7

Susceptible Host

Back 7

- degree of resistance the host has to the pathogen
- repressed immune system
- children, elderly

Front 8

Virulence

Back 8

- Capacity of infectious agent to cause disease

Front 9

Stages of Infection

Back 9

- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- full stage of illness
- convalescent period

Front 10

Infectious agent --> reservior

Back 10

- hand hygiene
- sterilization
- antibiotics/antimicrobials

Front 11

reservoir --> portal of exit

Back 11

- transmission based precautions
- sterilization or use of disposable supplies

Front 12

portal of exit --> transmission

Back 12

- dry, intact dressing
- hand hygiene
- wearing gloves when in contact with body fluids
- cover nose and mouth when sneezing

Front 13

transmission --> portal of entry

Back 13

- hand hygiene
- use pesticides to eliminate vectors
- adequate refridgeration

Front 14

portal of entry --> susceptible host

Back 14

- hand hygiene
- wear gloves
- use masks/appropriate protective gear
- proper disposal of needles and sharps

Front 15

susceptible host --> infectious agent

Back 15

- immunizations
- screen health care staff

Front 16

infectious agent --> reservoir

Back 16

- hand hygiene
- sterilization
- antibiotics/antimicrobials

Front 17

Incubation

Back 17

- the time period between the actual infection of the host and the appearance of symptoms

Front 18

Prodromal stage

Back 18

- start showing general sign/symptoms
- most contagious

Front 19

Full Stage of Illness

Back 19

- specific/localized symptoms
-

Front 20

Convalescent Period

Back 20

- the stage of infection where symptoms slowly begin to subside

Front 21

Methods of Defense

Back 21

- normal flora
- inflammatory response/cascade
- immune response:
antigen--->antibody
- skin, pH in body systems, isolation, immunizations, good overall health

Front 22

Nosocomial

Back 22

- NI arise from hospital acquired microorganisms or bacteria from the patient's normal intestinal or skin flora.
- NI is preceded by colonization of mucosal surfaces by these bacteria.
- NI is preceded by colonization of mucosal surfaces by these bacteria. Patients weakened (debilitated) by their primary disease (an intrinsic factor) and undergoing invasive procedures often also receive multiple antibiotics due to their primary disease condition (extrinsic factors). This makes them very susceptible to the development of NI.

Front 23

Inflammatory Response

Back 23

- vasoconstriction
- vasodilation
- blood to area: redness, heat, swelling
- cellular: neutrophil - 1st

Front 24

Preventing Nosocomial Infections

Back 24

- protect patient
- support patient
- prevent spread of organisms

Front 25

Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs)

Back 25

- infection as a result of health care support
- cathaders, breathing tubes ect.

Front 26

Nosocomial Infection Transmission Barriers

Back 26

- hand hygiene
- barrier techniques (sterilization, aseptic technique, decontamination, proper waste disposal)
- PPE personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns, masks, eyegear)

Front 27

CDC: standard precautions

Back 27

hand hygiene, PPE, soiled patient-care equipment, environmental control, textiles and laundry, needles and other sharps, patient resuscitation, patient placement, “sneeze in your sleeves”. Treat everyone as infected patient. Treat all body fluids as if they are infected

Front 28

Droplet Isolation Diseases

Back 28

? Diphtheria (pharyngeal), Streptococcal pharyngitis (“sore throat”), Influenza, Rubella, Meningitis, Mumps, Pertussis, MRSA in sputum

Front 29

Airborne Isolation Diseases

Back 29

Measles (rubeola), TB, Varicella (chickenpox), disseminated zoster (shingles). Don’t forget to wear N-95 mask

Front 30

Standard Precautions: Tier 1

Back 30

The #1 cause of infection in a hospital is due to poor hand hygiene practices
Always WASH YOUR HANDS BEFORE AND AFTER PATIENT CONTACT
Follow standard precautions with each patient and use PPE appropriately. Take off PPE when leaving the patient’s room
Dispose of PPE and sharps instruments properly
Clean patient equipment, such as stethoscopes, before and after patient use
Educate patients and families on hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, isolation precautions to prevent the spread of MDRO and other infections

Front 31

Standard Precautions: Tier 2

Back 31

- airborne precaution - N95 mask
- droplet precautions
- contact precautions - gloves and gown

Front 32

Elements of Patient Education

Back 32

- Physical: s/s of infection and drug therapy, protective measures to prevent infection transmission
- Psychosocial: coping with feelings of neglected, isolated, anxious, and depressed due to Transmission-Based Precautions

Front 33

Age related infection risks

Back 33

- skin sensitivity
- body system impairment
- imbalance
- osteoporosis
- compromised hygiene
- inadequate sleep

Front 34

Preventing infection in older adults

Back 34

- hydration
- proper nutrition
- medication education
- determine baseline for body functions/activity level

Front 35

aerobic

Back 35

- requires O2 to live and grow

Front 36

anaerobic

Back 36

- required absence of O2 to live and grow

Front 37

antigen

Back 37

- foreign material capable of including a specific immune response

Front 38

antimicrobial

Back 38

- agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth

Front 39

asepsis

Back 39

- absence of disease producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection

Front 40

bacteria

Back 40

- the most significant and commonly observed infection causing agents

Front 41

disinfection

Back 41

- process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogens except spores

Front 42

endemic

Back 42

- something that occurs with predictability in a certain region or population and can appear in different geographical locations

Front 43

endogenous

Back 43

- infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life the person harbors

Front 44

fungi

Back 44

- plant like organisms that can cause infection

Front 45

host

Back 45

- animal or person on within which the organisms live

Front 46

iatrogenic

Back 46

- infection that occurs as a result of treatment or diagnostic procedure

Front 47

infection

Back 47

- disease state resulting from pathogens on or on the body

Front 48

isolation

Back 48

- protective procedure designed to prevent the transmission of specific microorganisms

Front 49

medical asepsis

Back 49

- practices designed to reduce the number and spread of pathogens

Front 50

nosocomial

Back 50

- something originating or taking place in the hospital

Front 51

pathogens

Back 51

- disease producing microorgaism

Front 52

standard precautions

Back 52

- CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or infection status

Front 53

sterilization

Back 53

- the process by which all microoraganisms, including spores are destroyed

Front 54

surgical asepsis/sterile technique

Back 54

- practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms

Front 55

transmission based precautions

Back 55

- CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, contact, or droplet routes

Front 56

vector-

Back 56

- nonhuman carriers such as mosquitos, ticks, and lice that transmit organisms from one host to another

Front 57

virus

Back 57

- smallest of all microorganisms; can only be seen with an electron microscope