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Natural History & Taxonomy of Trees

Natural History & Taxonomy Of Trees

by silvermondfee, Sep. 2014

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		White Oak Leaf Fagaceae high plasticity (normally deeply, even lobed) leaf color generally more grayish or bluish than other oaks, not glossy paler underleaf mature leafs with short stalk, 7-9 lobed leafs stiff, do not droop or sway in breeze fall: yellow, red or purplish brown
		White Oak bottom bark Fagaceae irregularly plated light ashy gray, very variable in appearance plates attached on one side or deeply zerklüftet, with narrow rounded ridges
		White Oak top part Fagaceae more like scales young to med-size trees broken up into small, vertically aligned blocks, scaly on the surface
	White Oak	Quercus alba Family: Fagaceae deep root system prefers deep, moist soil with good internal drainage (can survive on acidic) gets up to 500 years old germination acorns: same fall intermediate tolerance (more intolerant w age) wood: veneer, furniture, flooring, cabinets, shakes, railroad ties, whiskey casks
		*White Oak (Quercus alba) Fruit* Fagaceae solitary or paired sessile or short-stalked cup encloses ¼ of length (shallow) light chestnut brown bowl-like cup with thickened, warty scales
	Quercus rubra	Northern Red Oak Fagaceae root system deep but often lacks well-developed tap-root ok: sandy loam soils, best: fine-textured, well-watered soils with good surface drainage germination of acorns following spring sprouts a lot lives up to 300 years easy to transplant
	no hair on buds (only tiny fuzz on tip) and veins	Quercus rubra 7 to 11 toothed lobes u shaped sinuses buds no hair (tiny fuzz on tip) surface somewhat lustrous (glänzend) no hair between veins fall color: dark red
		Quercus rubra solitary or paired cup very flat (barret), thick and saucerlike cup scales pubescent, tips darkened can be longish or as in pic
		*Quercus rubra* looks like ski-trails, silverish smooth on young stems, greenish brown older: brown to nearly black and broken into wide-flat-topped ridges
	Black Oak	*Quercus velutina* moist, rich, well-drained soils, but due to competition found on dry, sandy or heavy glacial clay hillsides deep taproot intermediate in tolerance, mostly found in mixes rounded crown (opposed to Red Oak) persistent sprouter up to 200 years old Red Oak on Lower Slopes and Red Oak on Upper Slopes in New England
	brown fuzz between veins	*Black Oak (Quercus velutina)* surface lustrous and dark green above (opposed to Red Oak), yellow green to coppery colored below brown fuzz on leaves, buds,(twigs) and acorn cupule scales (opposed to Red and Black) leaves droop gracefully, more than Red Oak leaf shape very variable: sun leaves on tree top deeply lobed
	inner bark bright orange-yellow	*Black Oak (Quercus velutina)* thick, dark grayish/nearly black on old stems deeply furrowed vertically with many horizontal breaks thick bark (opposed to Red Oak) inner bark bright orange-yellow young/small trunks similar to Red Oak
		*Black Oak (Quercus velutina)* cup shaggy-fringed with loose scales ⅓ to ¾ covered, not as much as Quercus coccinea (goes deep down) light red brown
	Scarlet Oak	*Quercus coccinea* rapid growth on dry soils of ridges and upper slopes rounded crown (opposed to Red Oak) intolerant (low competitiveness) sprouts vigorously up to 400 years old
	first half of bud smooth, then fuzzy tufts of hair along midveins	*Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)* deeply 5- to 9 lobed bigger leaves than pin oak first half of bud smooth, then fuzzy wide nearly circular sinuses surface lustrous and dark green above (opposed to Red Oak), paler and glabrous below tufts of hair along mid-vein
	inner bark red	*Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)* looks like Alligator skin (least blocky), often first half smooth similar to Black Oak (less blocky), except inner bark red thick bark (opposed to Red Oak) on mature trees dark brown to nearly black broken into irregular ridges separated by shallow fissures of varying width often flaky on upper branches
	Chestnut Oak	Quercus montana/prinus Fagaceae poor dry upland rocky sites (like the brink to the salty wetland we went to) sprouting a lot superblocky bark
		Chestnut Oak, Quercus montana/prinus underleaf pale green, not whitish, often slightly pubescent looks like a chestnut leaf but clustered end buds and less pointed leaf teeth yellowish green and lustrous above fall color: yellow to orange
	Pin Oak	Quercus palustris Fagaceae root system shallower than in many other oaks difference Scarlet: branches go down to the ground (like pins all over the place) crown of open trees broadly pyramidal wet clay flats, where water may stand for several weeks during late winter and spring
	glabrous except for axillary tufts	*Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)* deeply lobed, lobes often recurved glabrous except for axillary tufts irregular wide to narrow often angled sinuses extending ⅔ or more to the midrib median lobes nearly perpendicular to midrib surface bright green and lustrous above, paler below and glabrous except for axillary tufts acorns have stripes fall color red
		*Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)* dark grayish brown with broad fissures relatively smooth even on large trees
	Post Oak	*Quercus stellata* dry, gravelly or sandy soils and on rocky ridges crown consists of fewer large branches than white oak, usually gnarled or twisted intolerant, slow height growth survives and reproduces only because of great drought resistance
	leafs, twig fuzzy short stalk	*Post Oak (Quercus stellata)* leaves stiff, leathery, often cross-like, VERY lobed short stalk underleaf grayish or yellowish fuzzy with harsh texture twigs yellow fuzzy, acorn cups often retained on them
		*Post Oak (Quercus stellata)* bark sometimes light gray rough,scaly and ridged similar to Q. alba but darker often reddish brown and with more definite longitudinal ridges and less scaly
	opposite, fuzzy seeds black and round	Maple-leaved Virburnum *Virburnum acerifolium* Adoxaceae, shrub, leaves stay small opposite, fuzzy seeds black and round, pointy buds leaf looks like maple leaf, toothed leafs small black spotting underneath average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade (more shade-tolerant than other virburnums) reddish-purple to magenta fall color
	American Basswood	Tilia americana Malvaceae highly regarded as timber tree wide-spreading, deep root system moist, deep, loamy soils (kalk) profilic sprouter shade-tolerant, especially in youth important soil improver honey tree
	only 1-2 bud scales glabrous	*American Basswood (Tilia americana)* Malvaceae heart-shaped, toothed, main veins palmate underleaf paler green buds bright green + only 1-2 bud scales, alternate surface nearly glabrous axillary tufts of hairs below fall color yellow to orange, scattered yellow leaves among green
		*American Basswood (Tilia americana)* Malvaceae on young trees green or grayish green later gray to brown breaking up into narrow ridges
		*American Basswood (Tilia americana)* Malvaceae round trauben of grayish nuts with 1 leaf attached
	Sassafras	Sassafras albidum Lauraceae medium-sized tree intolerant, pioneer tree very durable wood root sprouts used for soaps and flavorings for medicines, candy, root beer
	smells aromatically	*Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)* Lauraceae leafs variable in shape, smell aromatically entire, elliptical and unlobed mitten-shaped (right or left handed) three-lobed new twigs bright green, buds large fall color orange or red
	smells like paint when cut	*Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)* Lauraceae deeply furrowed reddish-brown smells like paint (aromatic) when cut
		*Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)* Lauraceae fruit dark blue berry on red stalk
	Hop hornbeam	Ostrya virginiana Betulaceae small to medium tree slender and graceful distinguished from Hornbeam by shaggy bark, different fruit, drier habitat
	stripes on buds	*Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)* Betulaceae leave narrow with slender tip, double-toothed, similar to Carpinus stripes on buds underleaf slightly rough, not glossy with contrasting pale veins fruit clusters hanging from twig tips (different from true hornbeam)
		*Hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)* Betulaceae bark smooth on very young trunks and branches mature bark brown in thick narrow scales loose at ends, shaggy
	Shagbark Hickory	*Carya ovata* Juglandaceae medium-size, grown in open crown oblong deep taproot found on upland slopes and flatwoods or deep, moist soils of alluvial origin moderately tolerant young trees vigorous sprouting when cut one of the fastest-growing Hickories but overall slow-growing age up to 300 years highly susceptible to damage by fire
		*Shagbark Hickory (Carya Ovata)* Juglandaceae gray striped on young stems soon breaking up and becoming shaggy with large vertical plates curve away from the trunk at the ends
	leaves, stalk glabrous retains bud scales	*Shagbark Hickory (Carya Ovata)* Jugandaceae leafstalk stout, hairless usually 5 leaflets, glabrous retains bud scales (ONLY one in carya!) terminal leaflet largest underleaf slightly paler, glabrous or fuzzy large compound leaf fall color: golden yellow
	splits to base	*Shagbark Hickory (Carya tomentosa)* Juglandaceae solitary or paired large, nearly round husk thick, green, splits to base nut 4 ribbed, sweet
	Pignut Hickory	*Carya glabra* Juglandaceae medium tree differs from others in pignut group by 5 leaflets and fruit husk splits but remains on nut distinguished from shagbark group by tight bark, smaller leaves with generally smaller, more uniform leaflets common on mesic soils, especially rich soils on drier hillsides and ridges
	pubescent with many scales husk splits but remains on nut twigs smooth	Pignut Hickory - Carya glabra Juglandaceae 5-7 leaflets, pubescent with many scales buds small, light brown and oval husk splits but remains on nut twigs are smooth, glabrous Petiole reddish
		Pignut Hickory - Carya glabra Juglandaceae thin and tight, in smooth interlacing ridges medium to dark gray on young trees smooth
	Mockernut Hickory	Carya tomentosa Juglandaceae small to medium size tree dry sandy soils but can be found on many soil types with varying amounts of moisture growth rate slow intolerant but responds quickly to release
	fuzzy, fragrant leaf scars like monkey large buds	Mockernut Hickory - Carya tomentosa Juglandaceae 7-9 leaflets large buds, alternate, one-compound leaf fuzzy, fragrant leaf scars like a monkey very finely serrate surface dark yellow-green, lustrous above fall color: golden brown husk falls off hut
		*Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa)* Juglandaceae dark gray, firm, close low rounded interlaced ridges and shallow furrows bark tight, never shaggy, diamond pattern
	stem green to leave alternate	*Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium palladium)* Ericaceae low shrub greenish brown to red bark on the stems last part of stem green to the leave disturbed or very acidic, dry soils alternate, elliptic leaves
	brown stem all the way	*Black Huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata)* Ericaceae brown stem all the way up to the leaves acidic, dry soils leaves skinnier, longer than blueberry numerous resin dots on the undersides of the leaves which glitter when held up to the light
	got thorns blue berry	*Smilax (Smilax spp.)* Smilacaceae, vine stem green, round leaf blue berry rubbery in texture + large, spherical seed in center got thorns
	Paper birch	White Birch - Betula papyrifera Betulaceae used by Native Americans for utensils, canoes, and wigwam covers found in mountainous regions or where cool, moist site is available medium-size tree occurs in mixed conifer-hardwood forests of the north after fire can form pure stands intolerant 80-140 years
		Paper Birch - Betula papyrifera short leafstalk, ovate to oval double-toothed underleaf paler green glabrous above can be pubescent below fall color light yellow
	armpits oval shaped	Paper Birch - Betula papyrifera at first dark brown (some trees in the west retain that color later) soon turning chalky to creamy white separating into thin, papery strips at the base of old trees nearly black and deeply fissured armpits oval shaped
	Gray Birch	Betula populifolia Betulaceae smallest of the NE birches only around 10m high root system shallow bole usually poorly shaped and limby irregular, open, pyramidal crown grows on poorest of sterile soils silviculture: similar to paper birch & aspen
	glossy	Gray Birch - Betula populifolia leaves triangular with narrow, pointed apex doubly serrate fall color pale yellow long stalks (with causes them to flutter like poplar leaves - hence the name) glossy above
	inverted V	Gray Birch - Betula populifolia Betulaceae exfoliating very little in comp with Paper Birch with black triangular patches or inverted Vs not as bright as Betula pendula at first brownish, soon grayish white
	Black Birch	Sweet Birch - Betula lenta Betulaceae medium-size tree develops long, clear bole deep, wide-spreading root system deep, rich and moist but well-drained soils but also found on rocky sites never occurring in pure stands has wintergreen oil (odor) in the twigs, bark, roots (good for chewing) used same as yellow birch more shade-tolerant than white birch group
	not shiny	Black Birch - Betula lenta on young trees smooth, reddish brown to nearly black, matt prominent horizontal lenticels on mature trees brownish black and breaking up into large thin irregular scaly plates
	twigs smells like wintergreen	Black Birch - Betula lenta ovate to oblong-ovate margin sharply and singly or irregularly doubly serrate, base cordate twigs smell like wintergreen oil dull, dark green, glabrous above pale yellow-green with tufts of white hairs in the axils of the principal veins below fall color bright yellow 2 leaves emerge from each spur twig (unique to birches)
	White Pine	Pinus strobus Pinaceae largest of northeastern conifers (also low-creeping shrub at timberline) irregular crown root system wide-spreading + moderately deep long horizontal branches cones rather slender many different sites, including extremes like dry, rocky ridges, floodplains, wet sphagnum bogs pure stands on moist soils with sand intermediate in tolerance
	bundles of 5 soft needles long cones	White Pine - Pinus strobus Pinaceae bundles of 5 bluish green, straight, slender soft look cones long needles form triangular clusters angled toward branch tips
		White Pine - Pinus strobus bark on young trees pale gray-green and smooth, small plates on mature trunks dark gray, often tinged with purple slightly to conspicuously furrowed
	Eastern Hemlock	Tsuga canadensis Pinaceae medium to large tree needles and cones shorter than other hemlocks moist rocky ridges, steep slopes cones small very shade tolerant, can hang in understory FOREVER shallow root system, susceptible to drought found on many types of soil, best development in cool, moist situations up to 600 years old
		Eastern Hemlock - Tsuga canadensis Pinaceae needles pale and flattened little stalks strongly 2-ranked twigs yellow-brown, densely hairy silverly below,marked with 2 lines of stomata
		Eastern Hemlock - Tsuga canadensis Pinaceae on young trees flaky or scaly, some with wide, flat ridges old trees heavily and deeply furrowed freshly cut surfaces showing purplish makes cutting year rings
	entire plant has long sharp spiky needles in 3 whorls	Common Juniper - Juniperus communis Cupressaceae ranges around the Rockies dark blue berries with single seed found on semiarid slopes and plateaus long sharp spiky needles Blätter 3-wirtelig white stomata stripes
	Eastern Red Cedar	Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae small to medium tree dense, usually single-stemmed only native juniper that is narrowly upright common in overgrown pastures, roadsides, dry open woodlands, hillsides, barrens
	scales arranged to 4 sided branchled	Eastern Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae male cones tiny, yellowish, often profuse seed cones round, bluish, glaucous, berrylike dark green scales, arranged to for a 4 sided branchlet juvenile foliage superspiky
		Eastern Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae bark exfoliating in thin strips thick, reddish brown often ashy gray on exposed surfaces
	*Liriodendron tulipifera*	Tuliptree Magnoliaceae medium to large tree if you see a really large straight growing white ash in a forest it's Liriodendron mainly in rich moist soils in mixed deciduous woods, but also in drier soils in old fields and uplands shade-intolerant
		Tuliptree - Liriodendron tulipifera Magnoliaceae looks somewhat like a maple without the tip long-stalked, 4 lobed underleaf pale green greenish-yellow tepals with orange base fall color yellow leaves flutter in breeze, similar to poplar sinuses shallow to deep
	inner bark bitter, aromatic	Tuliptree - Liriodendron tulipifera Magnoliaceae young bark smooth, faintly striped or speckled with dark chevrons at branch sites mature trunk has distinct chiseled ridges with paler furrows bark resembles white ash (but tree taller, straighter) inner bark bitter and aromatic
	Witch Hazel	Hamamelis virginiana Hamamelidaceae tawny buds, naked except for 2 small scales bush or small tree, the often strongly leaning with irregular crown of ascending branches bark thin, smooth and blotchy, large oval warty lenticels
	naked buds twigs zigzag	Witch Hazel - Hamamelis virginiana Hamamelidaceae underleaf pale green rounded teeth, dull green when you fold them they don't quite fit twigs zigzag naked bud fall color yellow
	blue-black berry	American Grape - Vitis aestivalis Vitaceae able to climb to the top of trees blue-black berry (edible) leaves alternate, from unloabed to 3 or 4 lobed tendril opposite leaf
	bark grey, smooth, vertical dark lines	Shadbush or Serviceberry - Amelanchier sp. Rosaceae (Felsenbirne) deciduous leaved shrubs and small trees sharp, pointed bud bark gray, smooth, vertical dark lines (bit like musclewood) alternate, base of leaves small dimple red berries, later blue skinny bush tends to hybridize preferred browse for deer and rabbits
	Black Cherry	Prunus serotina Rosaceae dry to mesic forests, best in rich moist soils medium-size tree in forest develops long, straight, clear bole shallow root system intolerant + early rapid growth 150-200 years severely damaged by surface fires wood prized for furnitzre etc, inner bark for medicine
	twigs smell bad fuzzy midrib	Black Cherry - Prunus serotina Rosaceae narrowly oval, finely toothed twigs smell bad when scratched dark green + very lustrous (glänzend) above fuzzy midrib got glands fall color yellow to orange twigs slender, dark
		Black Cherry - Prunus serotina Rosaceae on young stems smooth, reddish brown to nearly black with narrow horizontal lentils on older trunks bark like potato-chips
	American Beech	Fagus grandifolia large tree, extremely shade-tolerant slow growth 300-400 years old very susceptible to fire common in rich well-drained upland soils, needs lots of moisture (no dryness or flooding) root system shallow and extensive produces sprouts (root, stump, collar) old trees often surrounded by thickets of young growth, mostly from root suckering
	paper-like very pointy buds	American beech - Fagus grandifolia tip pointed, many straight parallel veins fall color golden yellow to bronze slender ascending twigs, zigzag very pointy buds texture of leaves papery to the leaves
		American beech - Fagus grandifolia thin, smooth light blue-gray in color often defaced with carvings
	sticky with spicy sent when crushed pale blue berry	Northern Bayberry - Myrica pensilvanica Myricaceae deciduous shrub, up to 4,5m tall broadly oblanceolate, leathery, glossy, grayish-green leaves sticky with a spicy scent when crushed pale blue berry with waxy coating nitrogen-fixing can make candles out of it
	Yellow birch	Betula alleghaniensis Betulaceae medium tree very similar to sweet birch, best distinguished by bark slow growing species shallow, wide-spreading root system develops best on sandy loam soils (always moist, cool - steep northerly slopes, edges of sphagnum bogs) temperature important factor influencing distribution (southern limit) often establishes after fire
	smells like wintergreen	Yellow Birch - Betula alleghaniensis leaves large, finely double-toothed oval and short-stalked paler green underleaf buds often less divergrent than sweet birch dull, dark green, glabrous above tufts of white hairs in the axils of the principal veins below fall color bright yellow
	shiny	Yellow Birch - Betula alleghaniensis on young stems and branches yellowish, golden gray or bronze-colored, shiny separating at the surface and peeling horizontally into thin, curly, papery strips eventually breaking up into reddish-brown fissures and plates of mature trunks
		Poison Ivy - Toxicodendron radicans Anacardiaceae can be a trailing vine, a shrub or a climbing vine leafs trifoliate with almond shaped leaflets can have little side arms light to dark green fall color: bright red can spread vegetatively grows in forest, exposed rocky areas, open fields and disturbed areas medium shade tolerant doesn't really have specific soil or moisture requirements (no deserts, though) "Leaflets three; let it be", "Hairy vine, no friend of mine. ", "Berries white, run in fright"
	Norway Maple	Acer platanoides Sapindaceae medium to large tree classic shade tree non-native here
	milky sap	Norway Maple - Acer platanoides Sapindaceae milky sap looks like Sugar Maple leaf edges tend to curl up 5 lobed fall color: yellow or orange-yellow buds rounded, dark brown twig gray brown
		Norway Maple - Acer platanoides Sapindaceae bark of young trunk faintly striped, unlike native maples bark of mature trunk neatly furrowed, like ash
	Red Maple	Acer rubrum Sapindaceae medium size tree long fairly clear bole shallow root system swampy sites, drier locations and moist sandy loam soils or rocky uplands (extensive range) fast growth up to 150 years sprouter named for strong red tones to virtually all parts of the tree, especially twigs, flowers and fall leaves
		Red Maple - Acer rubrum leaves relatively small for a maple usually 3 triangular lobes edges toothed, pointy sinuses buds smaller than on Norway Maple leafstalk usually red fall color: pale yellow, orange, brilliant red or maroon twig reddish with blunt red buds new growth reddish at twig tips in spring/early summer
		Red Maple - Acer rubrum bark on young trunks smooth gray on old trunk bark rough in long narrow plates forming ridges similar at all ages to silver maple but less shaggy
	Sugar Maple	Acer saccharum Sapindaceae medium to large tree one of the largest and most important commercial hardwood trees in the east rich mesic soils on slopes and uplands roots shallow and wide-spreading to deep very shade tolerant up to 400 years stump sprouts & root suckers
	clear sap	Sugar Maple - Acer saccharum 5 lobed, sinuses U-shaped, clear sap bright green above, paler below fall color yellow, orange or red edges tend to droop clear sap (or none)
		Sugar Maple - Acer saccharum bark smooth gray-brown, reddish on young trunk bark becoming furrowed and plated on older trees with long irregular thick plates or ridges, sometimes scaly, very variable twigs brownish, pointed
	3 needles	Pitch Pine - Pinus rigida Pinaceae 3 needles cones short and roundish (esp. compared to white pine) trunk can resprout with epicormic shoots (needles on the bark)
		Pitch Pine - Pinus rigida trunk can resprout with epicormic shoots (needles on the bark) large scales
	2 needles	Scots Pine - Pinus sylvestris 2 needles spiky spiegel rinde
	Atlantic White Cedar	Chamaecyparis thyoides Cupressaceae
	scales touch	Atlantic White Cedar - Chamaecyparis thyoides Cupressaceae swamp areas scales look like diamonds have little white "berries"
		Atlantic White Cedar - Chamaecyparis thyoides Cupressaceae bark looks like that. yep just said it like this
	scales do not touch + third triangle	Northern White Cedar - Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae dry areas, small tree flat, can also have spikes when young together small thingy on scales does not go together and a third triangle sticking out fruit like tulip and opens up
		*Magnolia spec.* Magnoliaceae usually big leaves, bottom of leaf brown huge buds and in spring of course the flowers
	alternate, aromatic little leaves + big leaves	Spicebush - Lindera benzoin Lauraceae medium-sized shrub leaves alternate, simple, little leaves + big leaves leaves very aromatic when crushed flowers grow in yellow clusters fruits red has 2 sexes
	alternate, aromatic little leaves + big leaves	Spicebush - Lindera benzoin Lauraceae medium-sized shrub leaves alternate, simple leaves very aromatic when crushed flowers grow in yellow clusters fruits red has 2 sexes
		American sycamore - Platanus occidentalis Platanaceae exfoliating bark got sticky, green buds, inside stem (where you had to pull it out) sycamore’s central lobe generally wider than it is long, huge leaves usually one fruit floodplain species
		London Plane tree - Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae difference bark: military camouflage appearance is found up and down the trunk of the tree (opposed to just top) --> because it peels off the pollution it's more resilient to it underbark yellow or green tinge exceptionally sturdy, more often planted on streets
		American sycamore - Platanus occidentalis Palanaceae difference bark; bark is thick and rough up most of the main trunk of the tree, only exfoliating (peeling away) further up underbark generally have a white/ commonly bone-white more found on flood planes
	usually 2 fruits	London Plane Tree - Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae center lobe is longer that it is wide usually 2 fruits looks more like a maple
	spiny branches	Japanese barberry - Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae deeply grooved, brown, spiny branches with a single spine at each shoot node leaves green to blue-green, small, oval edible fruits glossy orange red distinction with other barberries: flowers produced in umbels, not racemes
		Sweetgum - Liquidambar styraciflua Altigiaceae leaves look like little stars (5 sharply pointed palmate lobes) fruit similar to platanus
	purplish black berries	Virginia Creeper - Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae deciduous climber - climbs smooth surfaces using small forked tendrils and adhesive pads composed of five leaflets, toothed got purplish-black berries bright scarlet in fall
	yellow roots yellow (red) berries	Asian Bittersweet - Celastrus orbiculatus Celestraceae vines thin, spindly, and have silver to reddish brown bark with white lenticels (vine: shaggy) yellow roots yellow berries with red seeds little round buds can grown in thickets (here always close to ground) or as a vine leaves round, glossy, 2–12 cm, toothed margins, alternate All parts of the plant poisonous
	Eastern Larch	Larix laricina Pinaceae
	opposite green stem corky ridges	Burning bush - Euonymus alatus Celestraceae stems notable for four corky ridges or "wings", green leaves opposite small, ovate-elliptic, with acute apex common name "burning bush" comes from bright red fall color invasive species
	leaves silvery on backside	Quaking Aspen - Populus tremuloides Salicaceae is wie Zitterpappel glossy green leaves, dull beneath, flatter base than grandidentata silver on backside become golden to yellow, rarely red, in autumn
		Quaking Aspen - Populus tremuloides Salicaceae bark relatively smooth, like birch looking colored greenish-white to gray marked by thick black horizontal scars and prominent black knots
		Eastern Cottonwood - Populus deltoides Salicaceae one of the largest American hardwood trees winter buds slender, pointed, 1–2 cm long , yellowish brown, resinous leaves large, triangular, flattened base + long petiole, very coarsely toothed
		Eastern Cottonwood - Populus deltoides Salicaceae bark silvery-white, smooth or lightly fissured when young dark gray and deeply fissured on old trees twigs grayish-yellow and stout, with large triangular leaf scars
		Bigtooth Aspen - Populus grandidentata Salicaceae Leaves similar to Populus tremuloides, but slightly larger, rounder + larger teeth tremble in wind as P. tremuloides
		Bigtooth Aspen - Populus grandidentata Salicaceae Bark of younger trees olive-green, thin and smooth after 30–40 years, bark grey, thick and rough with grooves
		Honey Locust - Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae leaves pinnately compound on older trees; bipinnately compound on vigorous young trees leaflets very small bright green yellow in fall strongly scented cream-colored flowers in clusters emerging from base of leaf axils fruit flat legume (pod) generally between 15–20 cm
		Honey Locus - Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae thorns growing out of the branches some reaching lengths over 20 cm thorns are fairly soft and green when young, harden and turn red as they age
		Black Locust - Robinia pseudoacacia Fabaceae bigger and fewer leaflets than Honey locust no thorns on stem
		Eastern Redbud - Cercis canadensis Fabaceae got pods winter buds tiny, rounded and dark red to chestnut leaves alternate, simple, and heart shaped with an entire margin wide, thin and papery, may be hairy below
	bark with stripes	Eastern Redbud - Cercis canadensis Fabaceae bark is dark in color, smooth bark with stripes on it twigs slender and zigzag, nearly black in color, spotted with lighter lenticels
		Beach Plum - Prunus maritima Rosaceae shrub, growing 1–2 m high leaves alternate, elliptical, 3–7 cm long with sharply serrated margin green on top and pale below
	bark not glossy fuzzy midrib on leaf fruit in long racemes small glands on leaves smells bad	Choke cherry - Prunus virginiana Rosaceae suckering shrub or small tree bark NOT glossy fuzzy midrib on leaf fruits in long Trauben leaves oval with a coarsely serrated margin, can be very long probs got tiny glands fruit tiny, range in color from bright red to black, with a very astringent taste, being both somewhat sour and somewhat bitter smells bad (all cherries)
	bark glossy	Fire Cherry (Bird Cherry) - Prunus pensylvanica Rosaceae bark glossy smells bad (all cherries) grows as a shrub or small tree with leaves 4–11 cm long fruit are drupes, ranging from 4–8 mm
	thorny branches longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges on older trees	Hawthorn - Crataegus spp. Rosaceae shrubs or small trees red little apples thorny branches developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees leaves lobed or serrate margins
	alternate	American Mountain Ash (Moose missy) - Sorbus americana Rosaceae, resembles Sorbus aucuparia Winter buds: Dark red, acute, inner scales very tomentose Leaves: Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, , with slender, grooved, dark green or red petiole Leaflets 13 to 7, lanceolate or long oval
		American Mountain Ash (Moose missy) - Sorbus americana Rosaceae light gray, smooth, surface scaly Branchlets downy at first, later become smooth, brown tinged with red, lenticular finally become darker and papery outer layer becomes easily separable
	spiny branches bark smells	Common Buckthorn - Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall grey-brown bark (smelly) and usually spiny branches leaves elliptic to oval, green, slightly serrate turning yellow in autumn arranged somewhat variably in opposite to subopposite pairs or alternately fruit globose black drupe
	silverly on leaves, twigs, berries	Autumn Olive - Elaeagnus umbellata Elaegnaceae silverly on leaves, twigs, berries deciduous shrub or small tree sharp thorns in form of spur branches leaves are alternate, entire, wavy margins leaves covered with minute silvery scales early in spring, but turn greener during the summer fruit is a small round drupe unripe silvery-scaled + yellow, ripens to red
	leaves rough texture	Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra Ulmaceae more upright branching pattern differs from the deliquescent branching of the American elm leaves rough texture (especially above), coarsely double-serrate margins (double serrate is an elm thing!) Ulmus rubra distinguished from American elm by hairiness of its buds and twigs (both smooth on the American elm)
	spongy	Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra Ulmaceae heartwood reddish-brown soft bark (squishy)
	alternate glabrous	American Elm - Ulmus americana Ulmaceae leaves alternate double-serrate margins + uneven base glabrous
		American Elm - Ulmus americana Ulmaceae
	first half of leaf base entire, then serrated	Common Hackberry - Celtis occidentalis Cannabaceae often insect gals underneath leaves (bubble tree) leaves on base entire, then serrated branchlets slender, light green at first, finally red brown, at length become dark brown tinged with red Three-nerved, midrib and primary veins prominent Fruit: Fleshy drupe , dark purple
		Common Hackberry - Celtis occidentalis Cannabaceae bark light brown or silvery gray broken on the surface into thick appressed scales gross bubbles (bubble tree) on bark
	no fuzz	White Mulberry - Morus alba Moraceae no fuzz - glossy (opposed to Red Mulberry) young tree leaves up to 30 cm long deeply & intricately lobed, with lobes rounded - weird changing lobing On older trees, leaves 5–15 cm, unlobed, cordate at the base and rounded to acuminate at the tip, and serrated on the margins
	rough, sandpapery leaves	Red Mulberry - Morus rubra Moraceae leaves alternate, leaf bases often uneven weird lobing rarer than on White Mulberry upper surface of the leaves is noticeably rough, similar in texture to fine sandpaper, --> unlike lustrous upper surface of White Mulberry underside of leaves covered with soft hairs leaf petiole exudes milky sap when severed fruit compound cluster of several small drupes, similar in appearance to a blackberry, red or dark purple, edible
	rough, sandpapery leaves	Red Mulberry - Morus rubra Moraceae upper surface of the leaves is noticeably rough, similar in texture to fine sandpaper, --> unlike lustrous upper surface of White Mulberry underside of leaves covered with soft hairs leaf petiole exudes milky sap when severed leaves alternate, broadly cordate, with shallow notch at base usually unlobed on mature trees although often with 2-3 lobes, particularly on young trees, and with a finely serrated margin fruit compound cluster of several small drupes, similar in appearance to a blackberry, red or dark purple, edible
		American Chestnut - Castanea dentata Fagaceae
		American Hornbeam - Carpinus caroliniana Betulaceae Winter buds: Ovate, acute, chestnut brown, no terminal bud is formed Leaves: Alternate, often unequal at base, sharply and doubly serrate dull deep green above, paler beneath; feather-veined, midrib and veins very prominent on under side Petioles short, slender, hairy
		American Hornbeam - Carpinus caroliniana Betulaceae musclewood difference Ostrya: bark is shaggy there bark on old trees near the base, furrowed Young trees and branches smooth, dark bluish gray, sometimes furrowed, light and dark gray
		Alder - Alnus spp. Betulaceae cones dent in leaves always multi-stemmed here
	compound leaf	Bitternut - Carya cordiformis Juglandaceae yellow bud 7ish leaflets
	pith chambered leaf scars look like little monkey faces	Black Walnut - Juglans nigra Juglandaceae kind of like ash leaves alternate, 30–60 cm long, odd-pinnate with 15–23 leaflets, superlong leaf scars look like little monkey faces pith chambered
		Black Walnut - Juglans nigra Juglandaceae grey-black deeply furrowed
	foul smelling not serrated heart shaped leaves scars can be even pinnate lobed base	Tree of Heaven - Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae foul smelling bark smooth + light grey, often rougher with light tan fissures as the tree ages twigs are stout, smooth to lightly pubescent, reddish or chestnut have lenticels as well as heart-shaped leaf scars buds finely pubescent leaves large, odd- or even-pinnately, not serrated, compound, and arranged alternately on stem, terminal leaflets weird lobed bases and glands distinguish it from similar sumac species
	very fuzzy	Staghorn Sumac - Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae fruit forming dense clusters of small red drupes at the terminal end of the branches leaf petioles and the stems densely covered in rust-colored hairs forking pattern of the branches alternate, pinnately compound leaves 9–31 serrate leaflets dioecious
	hairless twigs, serrated	Smooth Sumac - Rhus glabra Anacardiaceae leaves alternate, compound with 11-31 serrated leaflets leaves scarlet in fall flowers are tiny, green, produced in dense erect panicles later followed by large panicles of edible crimson berries remaining throughout winter buds small, covered with brown hair and borne on fat, hairless twigs bark on older wood is smooth and grey to brown.
		Winged Sumac - Rhus copallina Anacardiaceae got "leaves" (wings) in between its compound leaf lustrous dark green foliage turns brilliant orange-red in fall tiny, greenish-yellow flowers, borne in compact, terminal panicles, red clusters of berries branches droop as the tree grows
	silvery backside of leaves	Silver Maple - Acer saccharinum Sapindaceae leaves deep angular notches between the five lobes. long, slender stalks of the leaves downy silver undersides
		Silver Maple - Acer saccharinum Sapindaceae mature trunks: the bark is gray and shaggy branches and young trunks, the bark is smooth and silvery gray
	huge sticky buds	Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastaneum Sapindaceae sticky huge buds 5 leaflets fruit superspiky and chestnutty seed
	leaves alternate	Alternate Leaved Dogwood - Cornus alternifolia Cornaceae leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often clustered at the ends of the branch, bigger if you pull the leaves you get Fäden margin is wavy toothed Feather-veined, midrib broad, yellowish, prominent beneath, six pairs of primary veins Petioles slender, grooved, hairy, with clasping bases Bark: Dark reddish brown, shallow ridges Branchlets at first pale reddish green, later dark green
	branches at right angles	Black Gum - Nyssa sylvatica Cornaceae branches at right angles (electrocuted) leaves of this species are variable in size and shape, spurs big buds alternate, can be oval, elliptical, or obovate lustrous upper surfaces, with entire, often wavy margins foliage turns purple in autumn, eventually becoming an intense bright scarlet fruit is a black-blue, ovoid stone fruit Winter buds: Dark red
	branches at right angles	Black Gum - Nyssa sylvatica Cornaceae typically have a straight trunk with branches at right angles (electrocuted) bark dark gray and flaky when young becomes furrowed with age, resembling alligator hide on very old stems twigs of this tree are reddish-brown, usually hidden by a greyish skin
	comparatively big	Northern Highbush Blueberry - Vaccinium corymbosum Ericeae everything about it is bigger than other blueberry often found in dense thicket, 1.8-3.7m tall dark glossy green leaves, elliptical up to 5 centimetres autumn, leaves turn to a brilliant red, orange, yellow, and/or purple fruit is a Heidelbeere found on wet soils
	bark shaggy, twisted	Mountain Laurel - Kalmia latifolia Ericaceae bark looks quirky: twisted, shaggy like cedar
	opposite	White Ash - Fraxinus americana Oleaceae opposite lower sides of leaves lighter than upper sides outer surface of the twigs may be flaky or peeling
		White Ash - Fraxinus americana Oleaceae outer surface of the twigs may be flaky or peeling
		Northern Catalpa - Catalpa speciosa Bignoniaceae huge-ass leaves legume-like pods
	multiple gray or green stems new growth with white dots small teeth	Winterberry - Ilex verticillata Aquifoliaceae shrub growing to 1–5 metres multiple gray or green stems, new growth with white dots small teeth leaves glossy green, broad, with a serrated margin and an acute apex fruit globose red drupe 6–8 mm diameter dioecious, with separate male and female plants
	opposite not fuzzy naked buds	Souther Arrowwood - Viburnum dentatum Adoxaceae opposite, simple leaves, not fuzzy fruit in berry-like drupes naked buds
	opposite	Privet - Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae opposite black berries (+ berries at the end) like lilac, invasive
		Mile-A-Minute - Persicaria perfoliata Polygonaceae vine leaves triangular sticky but spiky (leaves + stem) reddish stem
		Apple - Malus spp. Rosaceae similar to pear but without thorns less glossy than pear no smell short yearly shoots no glands
	opposite no white hairs shrub	Grey Stem Dogwood - Cornus racemosa Cornaceae Fäden red stem on fruit stems NO white hairs underside leaf older stems distinctive gray bark opposite leaves, fall reddish or purplish
	bark breaks into small squares green stem treeish	Flowering Dogwood - Cornus florida Cornaceae Fäden has a tree form red berries bark breaks into small squares even on fairly small trees green stem
	shrub form white hairs smooth	Red-Osier Dogwood - Cornus serecia Cornaceae Fäden white hairs pith white shrub form red twigs
		Scarlet Oak - Quercus coccinea goes even deeper down than black oak
	opposite not fuzzy blue-black drupes	Southern Arrow-wood - Viburnum dentatum Adoxaceae, shrub opposite, not fuzzy blue-black berrylike drupes
	opposite, fuzzy	Downy Arrow-wood - Viburnum rafinesquianum Adoxaceae, shrub opposite, fuzzy blue-black berrylike drupes
		Morrow Honeysuckle - Lonicera morrowii Caprifoliaceae, shrub, invasive oblong leaves 4-6cm pink berries poisonous
	small tilt in leaf later black berries	Inkberry - Ilex glabra Aquifoliaceae looks like ligustrum but small tilt in leaf evergreen first red, then black berries thick leaves
		Yew - Taxus spp. Taxaceae red berries also like Tsuga but longer needles
		Gingko - Gingko biloba Gingkoaceae 270 mio years old shade-intolerant sprouter acidic
	spiky	Spruce - Picea spp. Pinaceae on a "pillow" spiky needles go all around
	soft	Fir - Abies spp. Pinaceae gescheitelt soft Teller
	leaf entire, opposite	Privet - Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae semi-evergreen, shiny, opposite, entire grey brown bark spotted with brown lenticels fruit small glossy black berry
		Lilac - Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae - Flieder! shrub light green, oval to cordate opposite or whorls of 3 beautfiul flowers
	Striped Maple	Acer pensylvanicum Sapindaceae bark striped usually understory shrub, can be small tree cool, moist forests
		Striped Maple - Acer pensylvanicum Sapindaceae striped bark
		Striped Maple - Acer pensylvanicum Sapindaceae three shallow forward-pointing lobes
	fuzz on bottom	Cinnamon Fern - Osmunda cinnamomea wetland species nearly bipinnate fuzz along stock (cinnamon) - no spores on leaves! forms massive patches
	tripinnate	Hayscented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) matt-former tripinnate - highest division we have pyramid-shaped spores on leaves logged + uplands (damp or dry acidic soils)
	bipinnate	New York Fern (Thelypteris novaboracensis) logged + upland (ridgetops) spores on leaf shaped like a football (America! New York!) bipinnate forming extensive clonal colonies
		Christmas Fern - Polystichum acrostichoides once pinnate has little Christmas shoes found in a wide variety of habitats evergreen
		Northern Maidenhair Fern - Adiantum pedatum the single leaflets look like distorted gingko leaves has slender, shining black stipes favors soils that are both humus-rich, moist, and well-drained also grows on rock faces if enough moisture
	no "shoes"	Royal Fern - Osmunda regalis woodland bogs and banks of streams once pinnate with independent leaflets one of the largest ferns has on some leaves spores fun fact: it's 180 million years old
		Sensitive Fern - Onoclea sensibilis once pinnate but working on the 2nd kind of looks like having little, elongated white oak leaves wetland species separate fruiting stalk (no spores) fronds (aka leaflets) die quickly touched
		Club Moss - Lycopodium I mean...just look at it, ok? also called ground pine or creeping cedar
		Hog Peanut - Amphicarpaea bracteata annual to perennial vine in the legume family native to woodland, thickets, and moist slopes 3 leaflets, alternate, on twining stems flowers pink to white seeds in flat pod
		Wild Sarsipirilla - Aralia nudicaulis creeping underground stems compound leaves, finely toothed white flowers purple-black berries whorl of 3, and pinnate
	purple stem at base	White wood Aster - Eurybia divaricata purple stem at base sharply serrated narrow heart-shaped leaves perennial, forms clones
		Jack-in-the-pulpit - Arisaema triphyllum perennial 30-65cm 3-parted leaves flowers in this weird hood thing, red fruit ball wetlands
		Trailing Arbutus - Epigaea repens Ericaceae, low-spreading shrub flower pink to white very fragrant leafy twigs covered with rusty hairs Leaves: Alternate, oval, rounded at the base, smooth above, more or less hairy below, evergreen, weather-worn, on short, rusty, hairy petioles moist, acidic (humus-rich) soil, and shade
		Lance-Leaved Goldenrod - Euthamia graminifolia Leaves are alternate, simple, long and narrow much like grass leaves small, yellow flower heads flat-topped arrays (7-35 florets) fallow fields, waste places, fencerows, and vacant lots in many places
		Slender Fragrant Goldenrod - Euthamia tenuifolia confusing as in wikipedia you get redirected to graminifolia
	distinct scent	Wintergreen - Gaultheria procumbens Ericaceae small dark green leaves persisting over winter red berries small, low-growing shrub distinct oil of wintergreen scent flowers white, bell-shaped acidic soils, pine and hardwoods (heath)
		Rattlesnake Plantain - Goodyera pubescens orchid evergreen light, distinct veins on leaves rock shells, mildly acidic (oak-heath)
		Jewel Weed - Impatiens capensis bottomland soils, ditches, and along creeks flowers orange with 3 lobed corolla stems semi-translucent seeds explode out of pods when touched leaves appear to be silver or 'jeweled' when held underwater leaves lightly serrated
		Canada Mayflower - Maianthemum canadense young: berries brown, later red white flowers, starry-shaped clonal 1-3 leaves, alternate, stalkless, oval, and slightly notched at base
		Partridgeberry - Mitchella repens creeping woody shrub evergreen, leaves opposite small, trumpet-shaped white flowers (4 petals), produced in pairs
		Solomons Seal - Polygonatum pubescens distinction: berries/flowers all along stalk stem slightly zig-zag leaves glabrous to short-pubescent, parallel veins partial sun to medium shade, moist conditions soil either loam or sandy loam with decaying organic matter
		Japanese Knotweed - Polygonum cuspidatum (Fallopia japonica) large perennial plant (invasive) hollow stems w distinct nodes (like bamboo) leaves broad oval with truncated base, large, entire margin temperate riparian ecosystems, roadsides and waste places (thick, dense colonies)
		False Solomon's Seal - Maianthemum racemosum distinction: flowers at end of stalk also zig-zaggy red fruits
	rough leaves	Rough-Stemed Goldenrod - Solidago rugosa rough-leaved, perennial herb distinction: broad leaves
	smaller	Gray Goldenrod - Solidago nemoralis also called old field goldenrod smaller goldenrod, 20cm - 1m stems reddish to gray green (lines of short white hairs) lower leaves longer & on winged petioles pioneer
	larger	Giant Goldenrod - Solidago gigantea up to 2m tall grows in clumps no leaves on base but many on stems on top produces array of flower heads
		Heart-Leaved Aster - Symphyotrichum cordifolium serrated, heart on base, no heart further up forest edges, open areas blueish to rarely white flowers, yellow disk florets turn purple primarily in mesic sites with rocky to loamy soils, but generally rich, heights from sea level up to 1,200 m
		New England Aster - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae tall, up to 120cm stout, hairy stem distinction: clasping lance-shaped leaves also road-sides flowers deep purple to rose to nearly white, yellow middle also seems to be just more flowers
		Star Flower - Trientalis borealis white flower on separate stalk leaves simple, grow in whorls habitat preference is open to light shade in moist woods; also on dry, sandy, acidic soils
		Pennsylvania sedge - Carex pensylvanica wetlands found in monotypic stands (competitive) spreads vegetative

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