Taxonomy: Classifying Living Organisms(Ch.10-Test 3)

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History-1870's: Ferdinand Cohn

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used morphology to classify bacteria

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History-1908: Orla-Jensen

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used physiological properties to classify bacteria

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History-1930's: Kluyever and Van Neil

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used evolutionary relationships (problem: resemblance does not equal relatedness)

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History- 1970: Stainer

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compared physical traits and nucleotide sequences. They thought all prokaryotes were similar but realized not all prokaryotes are like E. coli.

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History-late 1970's: Carl Woese

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used rRNA sequences to categorized eukaryotes as Bacteria or Archea that together with Eukarya make up the three domains of classification.

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Taxonomy

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science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups that share similar characteristics

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Identification

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process of characterizing an isolated organism in order to determine where does it belong

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Classification

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process of arranging organisms into similar groups to identify and study them

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Nomenclature

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system of assigning names to organisms

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What are some strategies to identify prokaryotes:

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1. phylogeny
2. phenotypic characteristics
3. genotypic characteristics

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Phylogeny

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evolutionary relationships; hard to do among prokaryotes

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(phylogeny) taxonomic hierarchies:

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species to domain

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(phylogeny) classification systems:

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domain, Bergey's systemic manual for bacteria

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Phenotypic characteristics:

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-more useful for prokaryotes
1. microscopic morphology: stains
2. metabolic capabilites: culture, biochemical
3. serology: antigen-antibody
4. fatty acid analysis

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Genotypic characteristics:

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1. nucleic acid probes- detect specific DNA or RNA sequences
2. PCR= polymerase chain reaction-amplifies selected sequences of DNA
3. Sequencing of rRNA-each fragment has its own sequence

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Characterizing strains:

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1. Biochemical typing
2. Serologic typing
3. Genomic typing
4. Phage typing
5. Antibiograms

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Biochemical typing

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biochemical test differentiate and identify

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Serologic typing

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uses antigen-anibody reactions to prove identity

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Genomic typing

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which virus attacks the bacterium can identify the microbe

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Antibiogram

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antibiotic susceptibility can be an identifying characteristics

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How many kingdoms are populated by eukaryotic organisms?

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Four

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How many of the four kingdoms have representatives in the microbial world worth of consideration in our course?

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Three

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What are those three kingdoms?

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Protista, Fungi, and Animal Kingdom

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Mycology

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study of fungi

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Fungi

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Mostly pathogens of the plant kingdom, they are decomposers and very important in environmental equilibrium.

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Affects of Fungi:

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some can infect humans and the diseases caused can be very serious: sometimes fatal, fisfiguring, and hard to treat.
Pathogenic fungi can be either: yeast, molds, or dimorphic molds

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Yeast

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single-celled fungi; reproduced by budding

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Candida albicans (yeast)

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candidiasis- oral and vaginal can be STD

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Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)

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-kills
1. encapsulated yeast
2. causes cryptococcosis, can affect menings (cryptococcal meningitis)
3. treatable with Amphotericin B (toxic)

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Pneumocystis carinii (P. jirovecci) (yeast)

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1. opportunist
2. seen in AIDS patients
3. causes pneumonia

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Molds

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Filamentous fungi(Dermatophytes) that infect: skin hair and nails(they have keratin)

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What are types of molds?

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1. Trichophyton sp.
2. Mirosporum sp.
3. Epidermopyton sp.
(all cause the same kind of disease=tinea)

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Tinea

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The name depends on location. None are fatal, just unpleasant, itchy, ad maybe somewhat ugly.

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Where is Tinea captitis?

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head

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What is Tinea pedis?

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athlete's foot

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What is tinea cruris?

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Jock itch

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Where is tinea unguium?

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nails

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Dimorphic molds are:

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yeast form at 37 degree Celsius, mold at room temperature

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What are the types of Dimorphic molds?

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1. Histoplasma capsulatum
2. Blastomyces dermatitidis
3. Coccidioides immitis
4. Sporothricum schenckii

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Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic mold)

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-present both mold and yeast so it makes them weird
1. causes histoplasmosis
2. associated with bat droppings and caves
3. can be misdiagnosed for TB and even cancer
4. Speluncker's disease

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic mold)

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-none in the U.S
1. valley fever = blastomycosis
2. Spores are breathed in
3. agriculture, paleontologist, construction (diggers)

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Coccidioides immitis (dimorphic mold)

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1. coccidioidomycosis
2. breathed in from dirt, dust...
3. same as above in term of occupational hazzard

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Sporothricum schenckii (dimorphic mold)

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1. Rose prower's disease = sporothricosis
2. incapacitating
3. look like daisies under the scope

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Algae location

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in the bones of rose bushes

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What kingdom does algae belong to?

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Kingdom protista

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What characteristics belong to algae?

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members of this group are extremely diverse and very much respected, as they contribute dramatically to the photosynthetic processes in the planet that produce the oxygen most living things need.

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Although algae is not directly pathogenic to humans, than can: (in relation to shellfish)

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produce toxins that when consumed by shell fish, can accumulate in their bodies and when humans consume the shellfish, nerve damage can occur.

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What is the study of algae?

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algologist

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What are people called who study algae?

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phycologist

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What are the two groups of algae?

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phytoplankton or zooplankton; both of which are at the bottom of the food chain in waters that cover the plant.

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What are human connections to algae?

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Dinoflagellates of the group Pyrrophyta; cause red tides

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Gymnodinium breve (human connections)

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discolors the water and produces brevetoxin that kills fish feeding on plankton. In humans it causes tingling sensation in mouth and fingers, diarrhea, low pulse rate, and hot/cold perception problems. People recover in 2-3 days.

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Gonyaulux sp. (human connections)

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a lot more dangerous; neurotoxins produced accumulate in non-affected shellfish. If ingested by humans, these toxins cause: numbness, dizziness, muscle weakness and impaired respiration. Cause of death: respiratory failure.

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Pfiesteria piscida (human connections)

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found in marine sediments; can kill fish by sloughing of skin and lysing of red blood cells. Toxins are handled very carefully in labs.

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Protozoans (pp. 291-295)

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1. extremely diverse, produce a wide variety of diseases
2. not all are fatal but most have serious effects on the host

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Toxoplasma gondii (Protozoan)

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causes toxoplasmosis; connected to contaminate cat litter. It can kill immune-compromised patients and can be transferred in utero to a developing baby who can develop mental retardation

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Plasmodium falciparum (Protozoan)

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causes malaria; has a females Anopheles mosquito as vector; some strains can be treated with chloroquine. It can be fatal and accounts for thousands of death in central Africa.

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Trypanosoma gambiense (Protozoan)

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cause trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness; transmitted by the bite of the vector- Tse-Tse fly.

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Trichomonas vaginalix (Protozoan)

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somewhat benign, causes vaginitis and can be sexually transmitted from female to partner (inflammation, itch, abnormal secretions)
-American disease

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Giardia lamblia (Protozoan)

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causes giardiasis; it is a diarrheic disease fairy common among children; easily treated.

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Criptosporidium sp.

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causes worldwide diarrhea
-most common worldwide disease of diarrhea

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Balantidium coli

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causes balantidiosis, also diarrheic and benign

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Entamoeba hystolitica

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causes amoebic dysentery and can be fairly serious with lots of dehydration and electrolyte loss.

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Naegleria fowleri

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causes amoebic meningitis, only 3 survivors worldwide, one in Arkansas; shallow fresh water sediment, acquired through the nose, travels to the brain where quickly devours nerve tissue.
-incurable

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Helminths and Arthropods (pp. 295-301)

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This group has some of the largest (size) microbes. The microscopic stages are the diagnosti stages and that is why we study them in microbiology.

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Most common Helminths and Arthropods

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1. Nematodes and roundworms
2. Platyelminths or flatworms

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Ascaris lumbricoides(Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. larva migrans
2. orifices can release worms

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Enterobius vermicularis (Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. pinworm, bedding
2. family affected
3. test tape test to get the eggs

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Trichuris trichura (Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. barrel shaped eggs
2. contaminated pork

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Trichinella spriralis (Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. larvae encyst in muscle
2. raw ham or roast a problem

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Necator americanus/ Ancylostoma duodenale (Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. hookworms, latch to intestinal walls and suck every nutrient out
2. anemi can be so severe, patients fait

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Strongyloides stercolaris (Nematodes and roundworms)

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ALSO
1. hookworms, latch to intestinal walls and suck every nutrient out
2. anemi can be so severe, patients fait

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Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematodes and roundworms)

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1. attacks the bloodstream and the lymphatic vessels causing massive swelling of the legs and groin area
2. disease is known as elephantiasis
3. incapacitating and deforming, it socially marginates its host

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Types of Platyheminths or flatworms?

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1. Tapeworms (cestodes)
2. Flukes (tremaodes)

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Diphyllobotrium latum (Tapeworms)

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fish tapeworm
-beware of sushi

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Taenia saginata (Tapeworms)

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beef tapeworm
-beware of raw burgers

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Taenia solium (Tapeworms)

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pork tapeworm
-beware or raw pork chops

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Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum (flukes)

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lakes and rivers, hours between 10 and 5; lots of metacercaria that can penetrate intact skin; snail is intermediary host

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Fasciola hepatcia (flukes)

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Orient, fresh water mussles, fish, etc.

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Chlonorquis sinensis (flukes)

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also Orient, fresh water mussles, fish, etc

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How do we identify these parasites?

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by the larvae that are present in tool samples. The eggs and cyst can also be used for identification as each is distinctly different from the other.

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List of arthropods:

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table 12.6 on page 299