Microbiology - History And Naming And Classifying Organisms

Front 1

Define Microorganisms

Back 1

minute living things too small to see with the naked eye.

Front 2

List the 3 domains

Back 2

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
-protists
-fungi
-plants
-animals

Front 3

Prokaryotes:

Back 3

Prenucleus, have no nucleus. Genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane.

Front 4

Bacteria:

Back 4

Eubacteria "true-bacteria"
- Small unicellular organisms.
- prokaryotes ("prenucleus")
- cell shapes: bacillus (rod), coccus (ovoid), spiral or corkscrew
- cell wall primarily of peptidoglycan.
- reproduce by binary fission - cloning

Front 5

Common Shapes of Bacteria are?

Back 5

Bacillus (rod)
Coccus (spherical or ovoid)
Spiral or corkscrew

Front 6

What is the term for Rod shaped bacteria?

Back 6

bacillus

Front 7

What is the term for spherical or ovoid shaped bacteria?

Back 7

coccus

Front 8

The cell walls of bacteria are primarily composed of?

Back 8

peptidoglycan

Front 9

Bacteria reproduce by?

Back 9

binary fission (cloning)

Front 10

What microorganism is known as an "extreme-ophile"?

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Archaea

Front 11

Archaea:

Back 11

- prokaryotes (no membrane bound nucleus)
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan
- extreme environments

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What are the 3 main groups of Archae?

Back 12

Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

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salt-loving

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halophile

Front 14

heat-loving; live in hot
sulfurous water such as hot springs in Yellowstone
National Park.

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Thermophile

Front 15

produce methane gas as waste product

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Methanogen

Front 16

________color the water of salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay.

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halophiles

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Fungi

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- eukaryotes (cell with nucleus)
- cell walls composed of chitin
- organic chemicals for energy
- molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
- yeasts are unicellular

Front 18

Cell with a nucleus

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Eukaryote

Front 19

Cell without a nucleus

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Prokaryote

Front 20

What is a unicellular form of Fungi? Multicellular?

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Yeast. Mushrooms

Front 21

_______ are a typical type of fungi

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Molds

Front 22

What are the two ways Fungi can reproduce?

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sexually (meiosis), asexually (mitosis)

Front 23

Asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction

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meiosis (sexual), mitosis (asexual)

Front 24

Protozoans:

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- Eukaryotes
- absorb or ingest organic chemicals
- may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella.

Front 25

What are the 3 means of locomotion and classification of Protozoans?

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cytoplasmic streaming (amoebas)
flagella
cilia

Front 26

Organism that moves by cytoplasmic streaming

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Amoeba

Front 27

Algae:

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- are photosynthetic eukaryotes.
- Cellulose cell walls
- produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Front 28

Viruses:

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- are so small that they can only be seen with an
electron microscope.
- acellular
- are parasites which require a host cell to
replicate itself.
-simple structure:
- Core contains the nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA but not both)
- Protein coat surrounds core
- Lipid envelope may surround coat (not same as cell membrane)

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Microorganism too small to be seen without an electron microscope

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viruses

Front 30

name the 2 multicellular animal parasites. (helminths)

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flatworms
roundworms

Front 31

Multicellular Animal Parasites (helminths)

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- Eukaryotes
- parasitic flatworms, roundworms
at some stage in life they are microscopic

Front 32

He observed and made drawing of "cells" from a cork

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Robert Hooke
mid 1600s

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They established the cell theory

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Schleiden and Schwann

Front 34

What are the 6 tenets of the cell theory?

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1. all known living things are made of cells
2. cell is the basic structural & functional unit of all living
things
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division
4. cells contains hereditary information
5. all cells are basically the same in chemical composition
6. metabolism and biochemistry of life occurs within cells

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- first to observe living single celled microorganisms.
- he made numerous drawings of bacteria, protozoa and sperm.
- discovered that heat kills microorganisms.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
late 1600s

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________________ states that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter

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Spontaneous generation

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Spontaneous generation:

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life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter.
People thought that toads, snakes, and mice could be
born from moist soil and that flies could emerge from
manure, and that maggots, the larvae of flies could
arise from decaying corpses.

Front 38

opposed spontaneous generation and instead believe that "life begets life"

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Fancesco Redi

Front 39

Describe the experiment by Francesco Redi to dissprove spontaneous generation.
late 1600's

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Experiment:
• 3 jars with decaying meat and sealed them tightly, no
maggots
• 3 jars with decaying meat and left them open,
maggots
• 2 jars, one open, one with Gauze. No maggots in the one with gauze.

Front 40

These two men boiled nutrient broth, transferred it into flasks that were then sealed. 1st Had microbial growth because flask was not sterilized. 2nd did not.

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Needham
Spallanzani
Mid 1700's

Front 41

Describe John Needhams experiment to support Spontaneous generation

Back 41

He heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn
broth), cooled it, and then poured it into covered
flasks, the solutions were teeming with
microorganisms.
• Needham claimed that the microbes developed
spontaneously from the fluids.

Front 42

disproved Spontaneous generation. • suggested that microorganisms from the air probably
entered the solutions from the air after they were
boiled.
• showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed
did not develop microbial growth.

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Spallanzani
mid 1700s

Front 43

living cells can arise only from
preexisting living cells....name that Theory.

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Theory of biogenesis

Front 44

- He said cells arise from pre-existing cells. Proposed Theory of Biogenesis.

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Virchow

Front 45

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
and that they can contaminate sterile solutions, but air
itself does not create microbial life.

1. Beef broth into long necked flask
2. heated the neck of flask and bent it into an S shaped curve then boiled broth for several minutes to kill bacteria.
3. Microorganisms did not appear even after long periods

Back 45

Louis Pasteur:

Front 46

Developed first vaccine, for smallpox by collecting scrapings from cowpox blisters then inoculating volunteer by scratching their arm with cowpox contaminated needle.

Person became mildly sick but recovered never contracted cowpox or smallpox.

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Edward Jenner

Front 47

Joseph Lister

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Founder of aseptic surgery.

Began soaking surgical dressings in a mild solution of phenol to kill bacteria.

Front 48

Proved the germ theory of disease.

discovered a rod-shaped bacteria now
known as Bacillus anthracis in the blood
of cattle that had died of anthrax.
• He cultured the bacteria and injected
samples of the culture into healthy
animals which became sick and died.
• isolated the bacteria in the blood
and found it to be the same as the
original bacteria isolated.
• Experimental procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease is known as Koch’s postulate

Back 48

Robert Koch

Front 49

What is Koch's postulate?

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Experimental procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease.

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discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea.

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Albert Neisser

Front 51

developed immunization techniques based on Edward
Jenner’s work with smallpox (vaccination)

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Louis Pastuer

Front 52

Who discovered Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Back 52

Louis Pastuer

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Robert Koch:

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- Proved germ theory of disease
- Developed pure culture and staining techniques.
- Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae.
- Koch's postulate - procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease.

Front 54

developed a differential staining technique called the Gram stain which differentiates bacteria into 2 groups, gram (-) and gram (+)

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Hans Christian Gram

Front 55

discovered E. coli, the causative agent of urinary tract infections and traveler's diarrhea.

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Theodor Escherich

Front 56

introduced a covered dish for growing microorganisms on a solid medium.

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Richard Julius Petri

Front 57

proposed a theory of immunity in which antibodies are responsible for immunity. Discovery of chemotherapy. Magic bullet - subject that could destroy the pathogen without harming host.

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Paul Ehrlich

Front 58

Dimitri Iwanowski

Back 58

discovered a filterable organism (virus) caused tobacco mosaic disease

Front 59

Alexandar Fleming

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discovered the antibiotic,
penicillin, by accident. Penicillium chrysogenum which could inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Front 60

Carolus Linnaeus

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established the system of nomenclature (naming) for organisms which assigns each
organism 2 names…
A. Genus is the 1st name and is always Capitalized and underlined or italicized.
B. Specific epithet or species is the 2nd
name and is not capitalized, but is
underlined or italicized.

Front 61

What is the proper nomenclature for organisms?

Back 61

A. Genus is the 1st name and is always Capitalized and underlined or italicized.

B. Specific epithet or species is the 2nd name and is not capitalized, but is underlined or italicized.

Front 62

What are the 5 beneficial activities of Microorganisms?

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1) Degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements.

2) Microorganisms are used to decompose organic matter in sewage...recycle water and prevent pollution of rivers and oceans.

3) cause disease in insects and thus can be used as biological insect control

4) Can be used to produce food. Soy Sauce, Yogurt, Beer, Bread, Cheese

5) Can be used to produce human proteins like insulin

Front 63

What class of microorganism is classified according to their means of locomotion? List the 3 means of locomotion.

Back 63

Protozoans:
cytoplasmic streaming
cillia
flagella

Front 64

Of the 3 domains, which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes?

Back 64

Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes:

Eukarya
- protists
- fungi
- plants
- animals

Front 65

Compare and contrast Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes)

Back 65

 Both are prokaryotes (lack a membrane-bound
nucleus)

 The two differ in chemical properties of their cell
walls and cell membranes

 Bacteria are sensitive to “bacterial” antibiotics;
Archaea are not sensitive to many of the common
“bacterial” antibiotics

 The protein and nucleic acid synthesizing enzymes
of Archaea resemble those of eukaryotes, but the
corresponding bacterial enzymes are different

 Bacteria include animal and plant pathogens; the
Archaea do not (so far as we know)

Front 66

both partners benefit

Back 66

Mutualism

Front 67

neither partner benefits and neither is harmed

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Commensalism

Front 68

one partner benefits, but the other is harmed

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Parasitism

Front 69

What occurs in the root nodule of a legume?

Back 69

bacteria are stored there as the plant absorbs nitrates that only the bacteria can produce.

Front 70

What do these microorganisms have to do with the cultivation of
rice in Asia?

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bacteria creates nitrogen and plant gets it from bacteria. Nitrogen rich plant dies and settles to bottom of water where nitrogen then fertilizes the floor of water way.

Front 71

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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Microorganisms

Front 72

a rapidly growing cell

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Germ

Front 73

Microbes

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 Are more diverse than plants and animals
 Are enormously abundant
 Grow in virtually every place on earth where there
is liquid water
 Carry out transformations of matter essential for
life
 Play a major role in biogeochemical cycling
 Decompose organic waste
 Affect the climate
 Are primary producers (base of the food chain) in
ecosystems by either photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis
 Can live in extreme environments
 Influence the behavior of animals and plants

Front 74

________________ discovered in atmosphere and snow

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Rain-making bacteria

ice-nucleating bacteria

Front 75

___________ attach to root hairs

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Rhizobia

Front 76

enlarged root cells form a ________.

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nodule

Front 77

Bacteria change into ____________; packed root cells enlarge.

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bacteroids

Front 78

An ________ __________ is formed through which bacteria enter root cells.

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infection thread

Front 79

Riftia, or undersea tube worms, lack a ________ ________ and instead relies on bacteria for nutrients.

Back 79

digestive system

Front 80

__________ help to produce fermented foods and beverages such as wine, beer, vinegar, cheese, bread and chocolate.

Back 80

Microbes

Front 81

Types of Microorganisms (7)

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Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites

Front 82

Bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 82

prokaryotes

Front 83

no membrane-bound nucleas?

Back 83

prokaryotes

Front 84

What are charachteristics of bacteria? (4)

Back 84

Prokaryote

Peptidoglycan in cell walls

Binary Fission

For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

Front 85

Archaea are prokaryote or eukaryote?

Back 85

prokaryote

Front 86

Describe Archaea (4)

Back 86

prokaryotic

lack peptidoglycan in cell walls

different type of cell membrane

extremophiles

Front 87

What are the 3 types of extremophiles (Archaea) ?

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Methanogens

Extreme halophiles (salt loving)

Extreme thermophiles (heat loving)

Front 88

_______ ___________ was thought to be in the air. It's Origins trace back to Aristotle.

Back 88

Vital force

Front 89

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

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Biogenesis

Front 90

Who was the person who devised an experiment with flyes and meat in jars to disprove spontaneous generation?

Back 90

Francisco Redi

Front 91

This man boiled hay infusions, then transferred the boiled infusion to two flasks while it was still hot.

Uncovered flask - yes growth
covered flask with parchment paper - no microbial growth

Back 91

Louis Joblot
early 1700's.

Front 92

This man showed that air depletion was not the sole reason for sterility in Spallanzani's flasks. He exposed boiled nutrient broth to air that was sterile by concentrated gases.

Back 92

Schulze

Front 93

He discovered stereochemistry

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Lous Pasteur

Front 94

This man showed that bacterial endospores survive boiling, but are killed by repeated cycles of boiling and cooling.

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John Tyndall
late 1800's

Front 95

Asked by Napolean to investigate the causitive agent of bad wine

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Pasteur

Front 96

The application of a high heat for a short time to kill bacteria.

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Pasteurization

Front 97

_________ recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.

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Bacteria

Front 98

_______________ is the process of bacteria degrading organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury.

Back 98

Bioremediation

Front 99

Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal to many insects but harmless to animals, humans and plants. True or False?

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True

Front 100

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in ______ ________.

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gene therapy

Front 101

Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from ________ and __________.

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insects and freezing

Front 102

Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the use of the term ______. This term has been replaced by __________.

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flora, microbiota

Front 103

Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called _______ _________.

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normal microbiota

Front 104

Normal microbiota produce ______ __________ such as folic acid and vitamin K.

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growth factors

Front 105

__________ are caused by microbes that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants.

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Biofilms

Front 106

Be familiar with biofilm formation

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Planktonic forms
Attachment monolayer
Microcolonies
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production
Maturation

Front 107

This disease is primarily in waterfowl and poultry.

Sustained human-to-human tranmission has not occured yet

Back 107

Influenza A virus (H5N1)

not to be confused with more recent but not as sever "Swine" Flu virus (H1N1)

Front 108

SARS???
Associated with Coronavirus

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Front 109

MRSA

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(also resistant to penicillin)

Front 110

Flesh-eating Bacterium is also known as?

Back 110

Invasive group A Streptococcus

Rapidly growing bacteria that cause extensive tissue damage.

Front 111

First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937.

Back 111

West Nile Encephalitis

Front 112

Mad Cow Disease...caused by a prion, also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.

Back 112

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Front 113

Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide. Association with undercooked hamburgers, unpasteurized fruit juices and raw spinach and lettuce.

Back 113

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

Front 114

Causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clotting.

Back 114

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Front 115

#1 disease associated with swimming. Causes 30% of diarrheal ilness in developing countries. Transmitted via water in the US.

Back 115

Cryptosporidiosis

Front 116

Caused by human immunodeficiency virus. Sexually transmitted infection.

Back 116

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)